# Mapper Parsing Exception **URL:** \ **Category:** Elasticsearch\ **Created:** [September 17, 2014, 12:46pm UTC](https://discuss.elastic.co/t/mapper-parsing-exception/19842 "2014-09-17T12:46:18Z")\ **Posts on this page:** 6\ **Page:** 1
**Author:** ![Maria\_John\_Franklin](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/m/e0b2c6/32.png) [@Maria\_John\_Franklin](https://discuss.elastic.co/u/Maria_John_Franklin)\ **Post date:** [September 17, 2014, 12:46pm UTC](https://discuss.elastic.co/t/mapper-parsing-exception/19842/1 "2014-09-17T12:46:18Z")
Hi Friends, How to push dynamic data types in same column in elasticsearch. # Example json # data 1 { "test1":"test", "test2":"test" } # data 2 { "test1":"test", "test2":{ "test3":"test"} } Thanks, Franklin -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "elasticsearch" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [elasticsearch+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com](mailto:elasticsearch+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com). To view this discussion on the web visit [https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/33f1fd5f-9a5f-41af-b378-9e348445aa31%40googlegroups.com](https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/33f1fd5f-9a5f-41af-b378-9e348445aa31%40googlegroups.com). For more options, visit [https://groups.google.com/d/optout](https://groups.google.com/d/optout). ---
**Author:** ![dadoonet](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/elastic/user_avatar/discuss.elastic.co/dadoonet/32/137187_2.png) [@dadoonet](https://discuss.elastic.co/u/dadoonet)\ **Post date:** [September 17, 2014, 12:47pm UTC](https://discuss.elastic.co/t/mapper-parsing-exception/19842/2 "2014-09-17T12:47:47Z")
You can't. If test2 is a string for the first doc, it can not be an object for the second doc. What are you trying to do? -- David Pilato | Technical Advocate | [Elasticsearch.com](http://Elasticsearch.com) @dadoonet | @elasticsearchfr Le 17 septembre 2014 à 14:46:24, Maria John Franklin ([mariajohnfranklin@mycura.com](mailto:mariajohnfranklin@mycura.com)) a écrit: Hi Friends, How to push dynamic data types in same column in elasticsearch. # Example json # data 1 { "test1":"test", "test2":"test" } # data 2 { "test1":"test", "test2":{ "test3":"test"} } ## Thanks, Franklin You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "elasticsearch" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [elasticsearch+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com](mailto:elasticsearch+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com). To view this discussion on the web visit [https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/33f1fd5f-9a5f-41af-b378-9e348445aa31%40googlegroups.com](https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/33f1fd5f-9a5f-41af-b378-9e348445aa31%40googlegroups.com). For more options, visit [https://groups.google.com/d/optout](https://groups.google.com/d/optout). -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "elasticsearch" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [elasticsearch+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com](mailto:elasticsearch+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com). To view this discussion on the web visit [https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/etPan.541982f4.1381823a.3c6%40MacBook-Air-de-David.local](https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/etPan.541982f4.1381823a.3c6%40MacBook-Air-de-David.local). For more options, visit [https://groups.google.com/d/optout](https://groups.google.com/d/optout). ---
**Author:** ![Maria\_John\_Franklin](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/m/e0b2c6/32.png) [@Maria\_John\_Franklin](https://discuss.elastic.co/u/Maria_John_Franklin)\ **Post date:** [September 17, 2014, 12:55pm UTC](https://discuss.elastic.co/t/mapper-parsing-exception/19842/3 "2014-09-17T12:55:33Z")
yes u are right .But i have data's like that. what can i do? On Wednesday, September 17, 2014 6:18:00 PM UTC+5:30, David Pilato wrote: > You can't. If test2 is a string for the first doc, it can not be an object > for the second doc. > > What are you trying to do? > > -- > _David Pilato_ | _Technical Advocate_ | _[Elasticsearch.com](http://Elasticsearch.com)_ > @dadoonet [https://twitter.com/dadoonet](https://twitter.com/dadoonet) | @elasticsearchfr > [https://twitter.com/elasticsearchfr](https://twitter.com/elasticsearchfr) > > Le 17 septembre 2014 à 14:46:24, Maria John Franklin ( > [mariajoh...@mycura.com](mailto:mariajoh...@mycura.com) \) a écrit: > > Hi Friends, > > How to push dynamic data types in same column in elasticsearch. > > # Example json > > # data 1 > > { > "test1":"test", > "test2":"test" > } > > # data 2 > > { > "test1":"test", > "test2":{ "test3":"test"} > } > > ## Thanks, Franklin > > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "elasticsearch" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [elasticsearc...@googlegroups.com](mailto:elasticsearc...@googlegroups.com) \. > To view this discussion on the web visit > [https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/33f1fd5f-9a5f-41af-b378-9e348445aa31%40googlegroups.com](https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/33f1fd5f-9a5f-41af-b378-9e348445aa31%40googlegroups.com) > [https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/33f1fd5f-9a5f-41af-b378-9e348445aa31%40googlegroups.com?utm\_medium=email&utm\_source=footer](https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/33f1fd5f-9a5f-41af-b378-9e348445aa31%40googlegroups.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer) > . > For more options, visit [https://groups.google.com/d/optout](https://groups.google.com/d/optout). -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "elasticsearch" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [elasticsearch+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com](mailto:elasticsearch+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com). To view this discussion on the web visit [https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/1554290e-2de0-4e3c-92ec-cf709e0fb0f7%40googlegroups.com](https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/1554290e-2de0-4e3c-92ec-cf709e0fb0f7%40googlegroups.com). For more options, visit [https://groups.google.com/d/optout](https://groups.google.com/d/optout). ---
**Author:** ![Maria\_John\_Franklin](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/m/e0b2c6/32.png) [@Maria\_John\_Franklin](https://discuss.elastic.co/u/Maria_John_Franklin)\ **Post date:** [September 17, 2014, 1:02pm UTC](https://discuss.elastic.co/t/mapper-parsing-exception/19842/4 "2014-09-17T13:02:21Z")
Hi Pilato, ``` Those data's coming from another site.. I can't change data values. Any ``` option in elasticsearch? On Wednesday, September 17, 2014 6:18:00 PM UTC+5:30, David Pilato wrote: > You can't. If test2 is a string for the first doc, it can not be an object > for the second doc. > > What are you trying to do? > > -- > _David Pilato_ | _Technical Advocate_ | _[Elasticsearch.com](http://Elasticsearch.com)_ > @dadoonet [https://twitter.com/dadoonet](https://twitter.com/dadoonet) | @elasticsearchfr > [https://twitter.com/elasticsearchfr](https://twitter.com/elasticsearchfr) > > Le 17 septembre 2014 à 14:46:24, Maria John Franklin ( > [mariajoh...@mycura.com](mailto:mariajoh...@mycura.com) \) a écrit: > > Hi Friends, > > How to push dynamic data types in same column in elasticsearch. > > # Example json > > # data 1 > > { > "test1":"test", > "test2":"test" > } > > # data 2 > > { > "test1":"test", > "test2":{ "test3":"test"} > } > > ## Thanks, Franklin > > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "elasticsearch" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [elasticsearc...@googlegroups.com](mailto:elasticsearc...@googlegroups.com) \. > To view this discussion on the web visit > [https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/33f1fd5f-9a5f-41af-b378-9e348445aa31%40googlegroups.com](https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/33f1fd5f-9a5f-41af-b378-9e348445aa31%40googlegroups.com) > [https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/33f1fd5f-9a5f-41af-b378-9e348445aa31%40googlegroups.com?utm\_medium=email&utm\_source=footer](https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/33f1fd5f-9a5f-41af-b378-9e348445aa31%40googlegroups.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer) > . > For more options, visit [https://groups.google.com/d/optout](https://groups.google.com/d/optout). -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "elasticsearch" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [elasticsearch+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com](mailto:elasticsearch+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com). To view this discussion on the web visit [https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/a92ecc47-5fce-4351-8514-842a9ba8c432%40googlegroups.com](https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/a92ecc47-5fce-4351-8514-842a9ba8c432%40googlegroups.com). For more options, visit [https://groups.google.com/d/optout](https://groups.google.com/d/optout). ---
**Author:** ![Maria\_John\_Franklin](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/m/e0b2c6/32.png) [@Maria\_John\_Franklin](https://discuss.elastic.co/u/Maria_John_Franklin)\ **Post date:** [September 17, 2014, 1:14pm UTC](https://discuss.elastic.co/t/mapper-parsing-exception/19842/5 "2014-09-17T13:14:39Z")
Hi Pilato, This is my original data. How to push this one to elasticsearch. {"id":"RE037490","d":"20020101","t":"Old Xml","pd":{"PATDOC":{"SDOCL":{"H":{"LVL":"1","STEXT":{"PDAT":"What is claimed is:"}},"CL":{"CLM":[{"ID":"CLM-00001","CLMSTEP":[{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"a slide;"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"an elongated beam having a measuring axis, the slide movable along the measuring axis;"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"at least one magnetic field generator, each magnetic field generator responsive to a drive signal to generate a first changing magnetic flux in a first flux region;"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"at least one flux coupling loop, a first portion of the at least one flux coupling loop positionable within the first flux region and responsive to the first changing magnetic flux when positioned within the first flux region to produce a second changing magnetic flux in a second portion of the flux coupling loop in a second flux region that is separated from the first flux region; and"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"at least one magnetic flux sensor;"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"wherein:"}},{"LVL":"3","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"one of a) the at least one magnetic flux sensor or b) the at least one magnetic field generator includes an inductive area extending along the measuring axis, and the inductive area is spatially modulated along the measuring axis in a pattern including alternating increases and decreases in width,"}},{"LVL":"3","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"each magnetic flux sensor is positioned outside the first flux region to sense the second changing magnetic flux in the second flux region portion of at least one flux coupling loop, and"}},{"LVL":"3","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"each magnetic flux sensor is responsive to the second changing magnetic flux to generate an output signal which is a function of the relative position between the slide and the elongated beam."}}],"PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00157","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"1. An electronic caliper comprising:"}}},{"ID":"CLM-00002","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00158","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["2. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the inductive area comprises a plurality of alternating polarity regions."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00001","PDAT":"claim 1"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00003","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00159","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["3. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the pattern of alternating polarity regions comprises regions along a surface, the regions bounded by at least one conductor positioned on the surface in a prescribed pattern."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00002","PDAT":"claim 2"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00004","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00160","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["4. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the one of a) the at least one magnetic field generator or b) the at least one magnetic flux sensor which has the inductive area spatially modulated along the measuring axis is positioned on one of the slide and the elongated beam, and the at least one flux coupling loop is positioned on the other one of the slide and the elongated beam."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00001","PDAT":"claim 1"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00005","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00161","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["5. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the other of a) the at least one magnetic field generator and b) the at least one magnetic flux sensor is positioned on either the slide or the elongated beam."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00004","PDAT":"claim 4"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00006","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00162","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["6. The electronic caliper of",", wherein in the absence of the at least one flux coupling loop, the output signal generated by each magnetic flux sensor is insensitive to the changing magnetic flux generated by each magnetic field generator."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00001","PDAT":"claim 1"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00007","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00163","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["7. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the at least one magnetic field generator, the at least one flux coupling loops and the at least one magnetic flux sensor are fabricated by printed circuit board processing."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00001","PDAT":"claim 1"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00008","CLMSTEP":[{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"an energy supply source that outputs a power supply;"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"a drive circuit that inputs the power supply and outputting a drive signal to the at least one magnetic field generator during each measurement cycle; and"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"an analyzing circuit that inputs the output signal from each at least one magnetic field sensor, determines the position of the slide relative to the elongated beam, and outputs a position signal indicative of the position of the slide relative to the elongated beam at a first level of resolution."}}],"PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00164","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["8. The electronic caliper of",", further comprising:"],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00001","PDAT":"claim 1"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00009","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00165","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["9. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the drive circuit comprises a capacitor discharged through the at least one magnetic field generator."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00008","PDAT":"claim 8"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00010","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00166","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["10. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the capacitor and the at least one magnetic field generator form a resonant circuit."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00009","PDAT":"claim 9"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00011","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00167","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["11. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the analyzing circuit comprises a counter for counting fractions of cycles of the at least one output signal output from the at least one magnetic field sensor at a second level of resolution coarser than the first level of resolution in response to motion of the slide along the measuring axis."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00008","PDAT":"claim 8"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00012","CLMSTEP":{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"the analyzing circuit substantially eliminates the influence of signal components which are third harmonics of the wavelength W."}},"PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00168","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["12. The electronic caliper of",", wherein each of a plurality of 3_N, where N is greater than or equal to 1, of magnetic flux sensors comprise identical inductive areas spatially modulated along the measuring axis with a periodic modulation having a wavelength W, and such inductive areas are offset from each other by a length O###equals;W/3N along the measuring axis; and"],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00008","PDAT":"claim 8"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00013","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00169","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["13. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the changing magnetic flux generated by the at least one magnetic field generator changes at a rate equivalent to an oscillation frequency of at least 1 MHz."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00001","PDAT":"claim 1"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00014","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00170","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["14. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the pattern including alternating increases and decreases in width comprises a periodic pattern having a selected wavelength."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00001","PDAT":"claim 1"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00015","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00171","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["15. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the portion of each coupling loop adjacent the periodic pattern spans, at most, one-half wavelength along the measuring axis."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00014","PDAT":"claim 14"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00016","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00172","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["16. The electronic caliper of",", wherein a first plurality of coupling loops of a first type are arranged along the measuring axis at a pitch equal to the wavelength."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00014","PDAT":"claim 14"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00017","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00173","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["17. The electronic caliper of",", wherein a second plurality of coupling loops of a second type are arranged along the measuring axis offset by one-half wavelength from the first plurality of coupling loops and at a pitch equal to the wavelength, and the coupling loops of the first and second type alternate along the measuring axis in at least the region adjacent to the periodic pattern."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00016","PDAT":"claim 16"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00018","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00174","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["18. The electronic caliper of",", wherein, in one of the first or second coupling loop types, the induced current produces the same polarity flux in the first flux region portion and the second flux region portion, and, in the other of the first or second coupling loop types, the induced current produces flux in the second flux region portion which is opposite in polarity to the flux induced in the first flux region portion."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00017","PDAT":"claim 17"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00019","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00175","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["19. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the first and second coupling loop types couple to the same magnetic flux generator region and are configured so that coupling loops of the first type extend in a first direction perpendicular to the measuring axis to couple to a first magnetic flux sensor region and the coupling loops of the second type extend in an opposite direction perpendicular to the measuring axis to couple to a second magnetic flux sensor region."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00017","PDAT":"claim 17"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00020","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00176","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["20. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the first and second coupling loop types couple to the same magnetic flux sensor region, but are configured so that coupling loops of the first type extend in a first direction perpendicular to the measuring axis to couple to a first magnetic flux generator region and the coupling loops of the second type extend in an opposite direction perpendicular to the measuring axis to couple to a second magnetic flux generator region."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00017","PDAT":"claim 17"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00021","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00177","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["21. The electronic caliper of",", wherein a) the at least one magnetic flux generator or b) the at least one magnetic flux sensor comprises two similar portions arranged symmetrically on opposite sides of the other of the at least one magnetic flux generator and the at least one magnetic flux sensor, such that in absence of coupling loops, the net flux through the magnetic flux sensor is substantially zero as a result of the symmetric configuration."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00001","PDAT":"claim 1"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00022","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00178","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["22. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the at least one flux coupling loop comprises a plurality of flux coupling loops arranged along the measuring axis and the measuring range of the sensor is determined by the extent of the plurality of coupling loops."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00001","PDAT":"claim 1"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00023","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00179","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["23. The electronic caliper of",", wherein each of a plurality of the inductive areas which are spatially modulated along the measuring axis comprises an area outlined by a patterned conductor insulated from other patterned conductors, and a plurality of such inductive areas at least partially overlap."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00001","PDAT":"claim 1"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00024","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00180","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["24. The electronic caliper of",", wherein each of a plurality of N inductive areas which are spatially modulated along the measuring axis is identical and is periodically modulated along the measuring axis with a selected wavelength W, and such inductive areas are offset from each other by a length O along the measuring axis, where O###equals;W/2N for N equal to 2, and O###equals;W/N for N greater than 2."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00023","PDAT":"claim 23"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00025","CLMSTEP":[{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"a slide;"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"an elongated beam having a measuring axis, the slide movable along the measuring axis;"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"a low power energy supply source on the slide capable of providing a power supply to a drive circuit on the slide;"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"the drive circuit connected to the power supply and responsive to a control signal to output an intermittent drive signal;"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"at least one magnetic field generator on the slide, each magnetic field generator responsive to the drive signal to generate a first changing magnetic flux in a first flux region;"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"at least one flux coupling loop on the elongated beam, a first portion of the at least one flux coupling loop positionable within the first flux region and responsive to the first changing magnetic flux when positioned within the first flux region to produce a second changing magnetic flux in a second flux region proximate to a second portion of the flux coupling loop outside the first flux region;"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"at least one magnetic flux sensor on the slide, each magnetic flux sensor positioned outside the first flux region for sensing the second changing magnetic flux in the second flux region portion of the at least one flux coupling loop, and each magnetic flux sensor responsive to the second changing magnetic flux to generate an output signal which is a function of the relative position between the magnetic flux sensor and the at least one flux coupling loop; and"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"an analyzing circuit on the slide responsive to the output signal from at least one magnetic flux sensor to output an output signal indicative of the position of the slide relative to the elongated beam at a first level of resolution."}}],"PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00181","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"25. An electronic caliper comprising:"}}},{"ID":"CLM-00026","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00182","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["26. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the drive circuit comprises a capacitor that discharges through the magnetic field generator."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00025","PDAT":"claim 25"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00027","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00183","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["27. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the capacitor and the magnetic field generator operate as a resonant circuit."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00026","PDAT":"claim 26"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00028","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00184","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["28. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the first changing magnetic flux changes at a rate equivalent to an oscillation frequency of at least 1 MHz in response to the intermittent drive signal."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00026","PDAT":"claim 26"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00029","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00185","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["29. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the intermittent drive signal comprises at least one pulse signal."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00026","PDAT":"claim 26"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00030","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00186","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["30. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the analyzing circuit determines changes in the relative position at a coarse level of resolution during each pulse interval, and determines the relative position at a finer level of resolution once during a plurality of pulse intervals."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00029","PDAT":"claim 29"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00031","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00187","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["31. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the analyzing circuit includes synchronous sampling means for sampling the output signal from at least one magnetic flux sensor synchronously with the pulse signal."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00029","PDAT":"claim 29"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00032","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00188","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["32. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the synchronous sampling uses sample timing based on an expected time delay between the pulsed signal and a peak in a response to a resonant circuit formed by the pulse generator components and the magnetic field generator components."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00031","PDAT":"claim 31"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00033","CLMSTEP":[{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"at least one of a) the at least one magnetic flux sensor, and b) the at least one magnetic field generator includes an inductive area extending along the measuring axis, and the inductive area is spatially modulated along the measuring axis in a pattern including alternating increases and decreases in width;"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"the output signal from each magnetic flux sensor exhibits spatial cycles which are a function of a relative position between the magnetic flux sensor and the at least one flux coupling loop; and"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"the analyzing circuit comprises a counter for counting fractions of cycles of the output signal from the at least one magnetic flux sensor in response to motion of the slide along the elongated beam, at a second level of resolution coarser than the first level of resolution, the counter providing an approximate position of the slider assembly relative to the elongate beam."}}],"PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00189","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["33. The electronic caliper of",", wherein:"],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00026","PDAT":"claim 26"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00034","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00190","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["34. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the counter is responsive at spatial intervals of at most ###frac14; cycle."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00033","PDAT":"claim 33"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00035","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00191","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["35. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the inductive area comprises a plurality of alternating polarity regions."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00033","PDAT":"claim 33"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00036","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00192","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["36. The electronic caliper of",", wherein the plurality of alternating polarity regions comprises regions of a surface bounded by at least one conductor positioned on the surface in a prescribed pattern."],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00035","PDAT":"claim 35"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00037","CLMSTEP":[{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"supplying power from a self-contained energy supply source to a drive circuit of the electronic caliper;"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"outputting a drive signal from the drive circuit in response to a control signal;"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"inducing a current in at least one flux coupling loop in response to the drive signal, wherein the at least one flux coupling loop is positioned on one of a slide and an elongated beam of the electronic caliper, the elongated beam having a measuring axis, the slide being moveable along the measuring axis, and the at least one flux coupling loop being arranged along the measuring axis;"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"producing a spatially modulated time-varying magnetic field with the at least one flux coupling loop in response to the current, the spatially modulated time-varying magnetic field extending along the measuring axis;"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"sensing the spatially modulated time-varying magnetic field using at least one magnetic flux sensor on the other of the slide and the elongated beam;"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"generating a position signal based on the sensed field; and"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"analyzing the position signal to generate an output indicative of a relative position of the slide and the elongated beam."}}],"PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00193","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"37. A method for operating an electronic caliper, comprising:"}}},{"ID":"CLM-00038","CLMSTEP":[{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"the spatially modulated time-varying magnetic field is generated and sensed in a sensing track positioned parallel to the measuring axis; and"}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"the spatially modulated time-varying magnetic field predominates the total magnetic field within the sensing track."}}],"PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00194","PTEXT":{"PDAT":["38. The method of",", wherein:"],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00037","PDAT":"claim 37"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00039","CLMSTEP":[{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"a slide;"}}}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"an elongated beam having a measuring axis, the slide movable along the measuring axis:"}}}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"at least one magnetic field generator, each magnetic field generator responsive to a drive signal to generate a primary changing magnetic flux in a corresponding primary flux region;"}}}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"at least one operably positionable flux coupling loop associated with at least one of the at least one magnetic field generator, wherein, for each operably positionable flux coupling loop, a portion of that flux coupling loop is positionable within the corresponding primary flux region of the associated at least one magnetic field generator and, for each operably positionable flux coupling loop, that portion of that flux coupling loop is responsive to the primary changing magnetic flux when that portion of that flux coupling loop is positioned within the corresponding primary flux region to produce a secondary changing magnetic flux in a portion of that flux coupling loop that is separated from the corresponding primary flux region; and"}}}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"at least one magnetic flux sensor:"}}}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"wherein:"}}}},{"LVL":"3","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"one of a"}},{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"the at least one magnetic flux sensor or b"}},{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"the at least one magnetic field generator includes at least one inductive area extending along the measuring axis, and the inductive area is spatially modulated along the measuring axis in a pattern including alternating increases and decreases in width, and"}}],"PDAT":[")",")"]}},{"LVL":"3","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"for each magnetic flux sensor:"}}}},{"LVL":"4","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"that magnetic flux sensor is positioned outside the corresponding primary flux region of at least one magnetic field generator to sense, in at least one associated operably positionable flux coupling loop, the secondary changing magnetic flux in the portion of that flux coupling loop that is separated from the corresponding primary flux region, and"}}}},{"LVL":"4","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":{"content":"that magnetic flux sensor is responsive to the sensed secondary changing magnetic flux to generate an output signal which is a function of the relative position between the slide and the elongated beam.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00001"}}}}}}],"PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00195","PTEXT":{"PDAT":{"content":"39. An electronic caliper comprising:","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00001","DATE":"20020101"}}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00040","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00196","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"40. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00002","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein each inductive area comprises a plurality of alternating polarity regions.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00002"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00039","PDAT":"claim 39"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00041","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00197","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"41. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00003","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein each pattern of alternating polarity regions comprises regions along a surface, the regions bounded by at least one conductor positioned on the surface in a prescribed pattern.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00003"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00040","PDAT":"claim 40"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00042","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00198","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"the at least one magnetic field generator or b"}},{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":{"content":"the at least one magnetic flux sensor which has the at least one inductive area spatially modulated along the measuring axis is positioned on one of the slide and the elongated beam, and the at least one operably positionable flux coupling loop is positioned on the other one of the slide and the elongated beam.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00004"}}}}],"PDAT":[{"content":"42. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00004","DATE":"20020101"}},", wherein the one of a)",")"],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00039","PDAT":"claim 39"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00043","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00199","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"the at least one magnetic field generator and b"}},{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":{"content":"the at least one magnetic flux sensor is positioned on either the slide or the elongated beam.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00005"}}}}],"PDAT":[{"content":"43. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00005","DATE":"20020101"}},", wherein the other of a)",")"],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00042","PDAT":"claim 42"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00044","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00200","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"44. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00006","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein in the absence of the at least one associated operably positionable flux coupling loop, the output signal generated by that associated magnetic flux sensor is relatively insensitive to the changing magnetic flux in the corresponding primary flux region.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00006"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00039","PDAT":"claim 39"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00045","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00201","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"45. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00007","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein the at least one magnetic field generator, the at least one operably positionable flux coupling loop and the at least one magnetic flux sensor are fabricated by printed circuit board processing.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00007"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00039","PDAT":"claim 39"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00046","CLMSTEP":[{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"an energy supply source that outputs a power supply;"}}}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"a drive circuit that inputs the power supply and that outputs a drive signal to at least one of the at least one magnetic field generator during each measurement cycle; and"}}}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":{"content":"an analyzing circuit that inputs the output signal from at least one of the at least one magnetic field sensor, determines the position of the slide relative to the elongated beam, and outputs a position signal indicative of the position of the slide relative to the elongated beam at a first level of resolution.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00008"}}}}}}],"PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00202","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"46. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00008","DATE":"20020101"}},", further comprising:"],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00039","PDAT":"claim 39"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00047","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00203","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"47. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00009","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein the drive circuit comprises a capacitor discharged through the at least one magnetic field generator.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00009"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00046","PDAT":"claim 46"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00048","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00204","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"48. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00010","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein the capacitor and each of the at least one magnetic field generator form a resonant circuit.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00010"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00047","PDAT":"claim 47"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00049","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00205","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"49. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00011","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein the analyzing circuit comprises a counter for counting fractions of cycles of the at least one output signal output from the at least one magnetic field sensor at a second level of resolution coarser than the first level of resolution in response to motion of the slide along the measuring axis.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00011"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00046","PDAT":"claim 46"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00050","CLMSTEP":{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":{"content":"the analyzing circuit substantially eliminates the influence of signal components which are third harmonics of the wavelength W.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00012"}}}}}},"PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00206","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"3"}},"PDAT":[{"content":"50. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00012","DATE":"20020101"}},", wherein each of a plurality of N magnetic flux sensors, where N is greater than or equal to",", comprise identical inductive areas spatially modulated along the measuring axis with a periodic modulation having a wavelength W, and such inductive areas are offset from each other by a length O###equals;W/N along the measuring axis; and"],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00046","PDAT":"claim 46"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00051","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00207","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"1"}},"PDAT":[{"content":"51. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00013","DATE":"20020101"}},", wherein the changing magnetic flux generated by the at least one magnetic field generator changes at a rate equivalent to an oscillation frequency of at least",{"content":"MHz.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00013"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00039","PDAT":"claim 39"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00052","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00208","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"52. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00014","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein the pattern including alternating increases and decreases in width comprises a periodic pattern having a selected wavelength.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00014"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00039","PDAT":"claim 39"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00053","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00209","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":{"content":"half wavelength along the measuring axis.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00015"}}}},"PDAT":[{"content":"53. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00015","DATE":"20020101"}},", wherein the portion of each operably positionable flux coupling loop adjacent the periodic pattern spans, at most, one-"],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00052","PDAT":"claim 52"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00054","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00210","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"54. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00016","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein a first plurality of operably positionable flux coupling loops of a first type are arranged along the measuring axis at a pitch equal to the wavelength.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00016"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00052","PDAT":"claim 52"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00055","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00211","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":{"content":"half wavelength from the first plurality of operably positionable flux coupling loops and at a pitch equal to the wavelength, and the operably positionable flux coupling loops of the first and second type alternate along the measuring axis in at least the region adjacent to the periodic pattern.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00017"}}}},"PDAT":[{"content":"55. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00017","DATE":"20020101"}},", wherein a second plurality of operably positionable flux coupling loops of a second type are arranged along the measuring axis offset by one-"],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00054","PDAT":"claim 54"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00056","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00212","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"56. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00018","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein, in one of the first or second flux coupling loop types, the induced current produces the same polarity flux in the portion of an operably positionable flux coupling loop positionable within the corresponding primary flux region and in the portion of that flux coupling loop that is separated from the corresponding primary flux region, and, in the other of the first or second flux coupling loop types, the induced current produces flux in the portion of an operably positionable flux coupling loop that is separated from the corresponding primary flux region which is opposite in polarity to the flux induced in the portion of that flux coupling loop positionable within the corresponding primary flux region.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00018"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00055","PDAT":"claim 55"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00057","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00213","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"57. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00019","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein the first and second flux coupling loop types couple to the same magnetic field generator region and are configured so that the operable positionable flux coupling loops of the first type extend in a first direction perpendicular to the measuring axis to couple to a first magnetic flux sensor region and the operably positionable flux coupling loops of the second type extend in an opposite direction perpendicular to the measuring axis to couple to a second magnetic flux sensor region.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00019"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00055","PDAT":"claim 55"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00058","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00214","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"58. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00020","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein the first and second flux coupling loop types couple to the same magnetic flux sensor region, but are configured so that the operably positionable flux coupling loops of the first type extend in a first direction perpendicular to the measuring axis to couple to a first magnetic flux generator region and the operably positionable flux coupling loops of the second type extend in an opposite direction perpendicular to the measuring axis to couple to a second magnetic flux generator region.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00020"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00055","PDAT":"claim 55"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00059","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00215","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"the at least one magnetic flux generator or b"}},{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":{"content":"the at least one magnetic flux sensor comprises two similar portions arranged symmetrically on opposite sides of the other of the at least one magnetic flux generator and the at least one magnetic flux sensor, such that in absence of the at least one operably positionable flux coupling loop, the net flux through the magnetic flux sensor is substantially zero as a result of the symmetric configuration.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00021"}}}}],"PDAT":[{"content":"59. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00021","DATE":"20020101"}},", wherein a)",")"],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00039","PDAT":"claim 39"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00060","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00216","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"60. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00022","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein the at least one operably positionable flux coupling loop comprises a plurality of flux coupling loops arranged along the measuring axis and the measuring range of the sensor is determined by the extent of the plurality of flux coupling loops.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00022"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00039","PDAT":"claim 39"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00061","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00217","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"61. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00023","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein each of a plurality of the inductive areas which are spatially modulated along the measuring axis comprises an area outlined by a patterned conductor insulated from other patterned conductors, and a plurality of such inductive areas at least partially overlap.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00023"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00039","PDAT":"claim 39"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00062","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00218","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"2"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"2"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"2"}}],"PDAT":[{"content":"62. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00024","DATE":"20020101"}},", wherein each of a plurality of N inductive areas which are spatially modulated along the measuring axis is identical and is periodically modulated along the measuring axis with a selected wavelength W, and such inductive areas are offset from each other by a length O along the measuring axis, where O###equals;W/","N for N equal to",", and O###equals;W/N for N greater than",{"content":".","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00024"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00061","PDAT":"claim 61"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00063","CLMSTEP":[{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"a slide;"}}}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"an elongated beam having a measuring axis, the slide movable along the measuring axis;"}}}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"a low power energy supply source on the slide capable of providing a power supply to a drive circuit on the slide;"}}}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"the drive circuit connected to the power supply and responsive to a control signal to output an intermittent drive signal;"}}}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"at least one magnetic field generator on the slide, each magnetic field generator responsive to the drive signal to generate a primary changing magnetic flux in a corresponding primary flux region;"}}}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"at least one operable positionable flux coupling loop on the elongated beam associated with at least one of the at least one magnetic field generator, wherein, for each operably positionable flux coupling loop, a portion of that flux coupling loop is positionable within the corresponding primary flux region of the associated at least one magnetic field generator and, that portion of that flux coupling loop is responsive to the primary changing magnetic flux when that portion of that flux coupling loop is positioned within the corresponding primary flux region to produce a secondary changing magnetic flux in a portion of that flux coupling loop that is outside the corresponding primary flux region; and"}}}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"at least one magnetic flux sensor on the slide, wherein, for each magnetic flux sensor:"}}}},{"LVL":"3","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"that magnetic flux sensor is positioned outside the corresponding primary flux region of at least one magnetic field generator for sensing, in at least one associated flux coupling loop, the secondary changing magnetic flux in the portion that is outside the corresponding primary flux region of each at least one associated flux coupling loop, and"}}}},{"LVL":"3","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"that magnetic flux sensor is responsive to the sensed secondary changing magnetic flux to generate an output signal which is a function of the relative position between the magnetic flux sensor and the at least one associated flux coupling loop; and"}}}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":{"content":"an analyzing circuit on the slide responsive to the output signal from at least one magnetic flux sensor to output an output signal indicative of the position of the slide relative to the elongated beam at a first level of resolution.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00025"}}}}}}],"PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00219","PTEXT":{"PDAT":{"content":"63. An electronic caliper comprising:","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00025","DATE":"20020101"}}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00064","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00220","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"64. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00026","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein the drive circuit comprises a capacitor that discharges through the magnetic field generator.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00026"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00063","PDAT":"claim 63"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00065","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00221","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"65. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00027","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein the capacitor and each of the at least one magnetic field generator operate as a resonant circuit.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00027"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00064","PDAT":"claim 64"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00066","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00222","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"1"}},"PDAT":[{"content":"66. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00028","DATE":"20020101"}},", wherein the primary changing magnetic flux changes at a rate equivalent to an oscillation frequency of at least",{"content":"MHz in response to the intermittent drive signal.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00028"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00064","PDAT":"claim 64"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00067","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00223","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"67. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00029","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein the intermittent drive signal comprises at least one pulse signal.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00029"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00064","PDAT":"claim 64"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00068","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00224","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"68. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00030","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein the analyzing circuit determines changes in the relative position at a coarse level of resolution during each pulse interval, and determines the relative position at a finer level of resolution once during a plurality of pulse intervals.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00030"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00067","PDAT":"claim 67"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00069","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00225","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"69. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00031","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein the analyzing circuit includes synchronous sampling means for sampling the output signal from at least one magnetic flux sensor synchronously with the pulse signal.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00031"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00067","PDAT":"claim 67"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00070","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00226","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"70. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00032","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein the synchronous sampling uses sample timing based on an expected time delay between the pulsed signal and a peak in a response to a resonant circuit formed by the pulse generator components and the magnetic field generator components.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00032"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00069","PDAT":"claim 69"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00071","CLMSTEP":[{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"at least one of a"}},{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"each of the at least one magnetic flux sensor, and b"}},{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"each of the at least one magnetic field generator includes at least one inductive area extending along the measuring axis, and the at least one inductive area is spatially modulated along the measuring axis in a pattern including alternating increases and decreases in width;"}}],"PDAT":[")",")"]}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"the output signal from each of the at least one magnetic flux sensor exhibits spatial cycles which are a function of a relative position between that magnetic flux sensor and the at least one associated flux coupling loop; and"}}}},{"LVL":"2","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":{"content":"the analyzing circuit comprises a counter for counting fractions of cycles of the output signal from the at least one magnetic flux sensor in response to motion of the slide along the elongated beam, at a second level of resolution coarser than the first level of resolution, the counter providing an approximate position of the slider assembly relative to the elongate beam.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00033"}}}}}}],"PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00227","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"71. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00033","DATE":"20020101"}},", wherein"],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00063","PDAT":"claim 63"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00072","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00228","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"1"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"4"}}],"PDAT":[{"content":"72. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00034","DATE":"20020101"}},", wherein the counter is responsive at spatial intervals of at most {fraction (","/",{"content":")} cycle.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00034"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00071","PDAT":"claim 71"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00073","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00229","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"73. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00035","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein the inductive area comprises a plurality of alternating polarity regions.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00035"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00071","PDAT":"claim 71"}}}},{"ID":"CLM-00074","PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00230","PTEXT":{"PDAT":[{"content":"74. The electronic caliper of","INS-S":{"ID":"INS-S-00036","DATE":"20020101"}},{"content":", wherein the plurality of alternating polarity regions comprises regions of a surface bounded by at least one conductor positioned on the surface in a prescribed pattern.","INS-E":{"ID":"INS-S-00036"}}],"CLREF":{"ID":"CLM-00073","PDAT":"claim 73"}}}}]}},"SDOAB":{"BTEXT":{"PARA":{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00001","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"An electronic caliper having a reduced offset position transducer that uses two sets of coupling loops on a scale to inductively couple a transmitter winding on a read head on a slide to one or more receiver windings on the read head. The transmitter winding generates a primary magnetic field. The transmitter winding is inductively coupled to first loop portions of first and second sets of coupling loops by a magnetic field. Second loop portions of the first and second sets of coupling loops are interleaved and generate secondary magnetic fields. A receiver winding is formed in a periodic pattern of alternating polarity loops and is inductively coupled to the second loop portions of the first and second sets of coupling loops by the secondary magnetic fields. Depending on the relative position between the read head and the scale, each polarity loop of the receiver winding is inductively coupled to a second loop portion of either the first or second set of coupling loops. The relative positions of the first and second loop portions of the first and second sets of coupling loops are periodic and dependent on the relative position of the coupling loops on the scale."}}}},"SDOBI":{"B700":{"B745":{"B748US":{"PDAT":"2859"},"B746":{"PARTY-US":{"NAM":{"SNM":{"STEXT":{"PDAT":"Bennett"}},"FNM":{"PDAT":"G. 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of",";"]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00060","PTEXT":{"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 3"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 1"}],"PDAT":["shows the induced current position transducer of the electronic caliper of",";"]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00061","PTEXT":{"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 4A"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 3"}],"PDAT":["shows the position-dependent output of the positive polarity loops of",";"]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00062","PTEXT":{"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 4B"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 3"}],"PDAT":["shows the position-dependent output of the negative polarity loops of",";"]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00063","PTEXT":{"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 4C"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 3"}],"PDAT":["shows the net position-dependent output of the positive and negative polarity loops of",";"]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00064","PTEXT":{"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 5"},"PDAT":"shows an electronic caliper of this invention using a reduced offset high accuracy induced current position transducer;"}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00065","PTEXT":{"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 6"},"PDAT":"shows a first embodiment of the scale for the reduced offset induced current position transducer of the electronic caliper of this invention;"}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00066","PTEXT":{"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 7"},"PDAT":"shows a first embodiment of the read head for the reduced offset induced current position transducer of the electronic caliper of this invention;"}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00067","PTEXT":{"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 8"},"PDAT":"shows a second embodiment of the read-head for the reduced offset induced current position transducer of this invention."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00068","PTEXT":{"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 9"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 8"}],"PDAT":["shows the signal amplitudes as a function of the relative position of the scale and read-head of",";"]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00069","PTEXT":{"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 10"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 8"}],"PDAT":["shows a schematic vector phase diagram for the three phase windings of",";"]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00070","PTEXT":{"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 11A"},"PDAT":"shows a third embodiment of the scale for the reduced offset induced current position transducer of this invention;"}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00071","PTEXT":{"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 11B"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 11A"}],"PDAT":["shows a first portion of the scale of","in greater detail;"]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00072","PTEXT":{"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 11C"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 11A"}],"PDAT":["shows a second portion of the scale of","in greater detail;"]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00073","PTEXT":{"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 11D"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 11A"}],"PDAT":["shows a third embodiment of the read head usable with the scale of",";"]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00074","PTEXT":{"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 12A"},"PDAT":"shows a cross-sectional view of the first embodiment of the reduced offset induced current position transducer of this invention;"}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00075","PTEXT":{"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 12B"},"PDAT":"shows a cross-sectional view of the second embodiment of the reduced offset induced current position transducer of this invention;"}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00076","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"8"}},"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 13"},"PDAT":["is a block diagram of the read head shown in FIG.","and its associated signal processing circuits; and"]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00077","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"13"}},"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 14"},"PDAT":["is a timing diagram for one of the three channels of the electronic unit shown in FIG.","."]}}]}},"DETDESC":{"BTEXT":{"H":{"LVL":"1","STEXT":{"PDAT":"DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS"}},"PARA":[{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00078","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"200"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"206"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"206"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"206"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 5"},"PDAT":["As shown in",", an inductive caliper","includes an elongated beam",". The elongated beam","is a rigid or semi-rigid bar having a generally rectangular cross section. A groove","is formed in an upper surface of the elongated beam",". An elongated measuring scale","is rigidly bonded to the elongated beam","in the groove",". The groove","is formed in the beam","at a depth about equal to the thickness of the scale",". Thus, the top surface of the scale","is very nearly coplanar with the top edges of beam","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00079","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"208"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"210"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"212"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"216"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"218"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"220"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"214"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"208"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"216"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"210"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"218"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"222"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"210"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"218"}}],"PDAT":["A pair of laterally projecting, fixed jaws","and","are integrally formed near a first end","of the beam",". A corresponding pair of laterally projecting movable jaws","and","are formed on a slider assembly",". The outside dimensions of an object are measured by placing the object between a pair of engagement surfaces","on the jaws","and",". Similarly, the inside dimensions of an object are measured by placing the jaws","and","within an object. The engagement surfaces","of the jaws","and","are positioned to contact the surfaces on the object to be measured."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00080","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"222"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"214"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"214"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"208"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"216"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"222"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"210"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"218"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"200"}}],"PDAT":["The engagement surfaces","and","are positioned so that when the engagement surfaces","of the jaws","and","are contacting each other, the engagement surfaces","of the jaws","and","are aligned with each other. In this position, the zero position, both the outside and inside dimensions measured by the caliper","should be zero."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00081","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"200"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"224"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"220"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"224"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"226"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"224"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"226"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"228"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"200"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"228"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"224"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"226"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"200"}}],"PDAT":["The caliper","also includes a depth bar","which is attached to the slider assembly",". The depth bar","projects longitudinally from the beam","and terminates at an engagement end",". The length of the depth bar","is such that the engagement end","is flush with a second end","of the beam","when the caliper","is at the zero position. By resting the second end","of the beam","on a surface in which a hole is formed and extending the depth bar","into the hole until the end","touches the bottom of the hole, the caliper","is able to measure the depth of the hole."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00082","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"208"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"216"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"210"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"218"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"224"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"234"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"236"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"200"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"230"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"232"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"236"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"230"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"260"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"220"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"232"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"234"}}],"PDAT":["Whether a measurement is made using the outside measuring jaws","and",", the inside measuring jaws","and",", or the depth bar",", the measured dimension is displayed on a conventional digital display",", which is mounted in a cover","of the caliper",". A pair of push button switches","and","are also mounted in the cover",". The switch","turns on and off a signal processing and display electronic circuit","of the slider assembly",". The switch","is used to reset the display","to zero."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00083","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"220"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"238"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"240"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"240"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"242"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"220"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"200"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"244"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"246"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"220"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"224"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"248"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"248"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"224"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"224"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"248"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"250"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"250"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"228"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"250"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"220"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"228"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 5"},"PDAT":["As shown in",", the slider assembly","includes a base","with a guiding edge",". The guiding edge","contacts a side edge","of the elongated beam","when the slider assembly","straddles the elongated beam",". This ensures accurate operation of the caliper",". A pair of screws","bias a resilient pressure bar","against a mating edge of the beam","to eliminate free play between the slider assembly","and the elongated beam",". The depth bar","is inserted into a depth bar groove","formed on an underside of the elongated beam",". The depth bar groove","extends along the underside of the elongated beam","to provide clearance for the depth bar",". The depth bar","is held in the depth bar groove","by an end stop",". The end stop","is attached to the underside of the beam","at the second end",". The end stop","also prevents the slider assembly","from inadvertently disengaging from the elongated beam","at the second end","during operation."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00084","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"220"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"252"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"238"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"238"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"252"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"252"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"254"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"254"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"260"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"254"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"256"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"236"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"254"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"260"}}],"PDAT":["The slider assembly","also includes a read head assembly","mounted on the base","above the elongated beam",". Thus, the base","and read head assembly","move as a unit. The read head assembly","includes a substrate",", such as a conventional printed circuit board. The substrate","bears an inductive read head","on its lower surface. A signal processing and display electronic circuit","is mounted on an upper surface of the substrate",". A resilient seal","is compressed between the cover","and the substrate","to prevent contamination of the signal processing and display electronic circuit","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00085","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"220"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"202"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"270"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"262"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"268"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"270"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"266"}}],"PDAT":["The slider assembly","carries the read head","so that it is slightly separated from the beam","by an air gap","formed between the insulative coatings","and",". The air gap","is preferably on the order of 0.5 mm. Together, the read head","and the flux couplers","form an inductive transducer."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00086","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"200"}},"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIGS. 6 and 7"},"PDAT":["show a first embodiment of the reduced-offset incremental induced current position transducer","used in the electronic caliper of this invention, which produces an output type usually referred to as ###ldquo;incremental###rdquo;. ###ldquo;Incremental###rdquo; output is defined as a cyclic output which is repeated according to a design-related increment of transducer displacement."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00087","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"200"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 6"},"PDAT":["In particular,","shows a first embodiment of the reduced offset scale","of the transducer",". The reduced-offset scale","includes a first plurality of coupling loops","interleaved with a second plurality of coupling loops",". Each of the coupling loops","and","is electrically isolated from the others of the first and second plurality of coupling loops","and","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00088","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"278"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"282"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"284"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"288"}}],"PDAT":["Each of the first plurality of coupling loops","includes a first loop portion","and a second loop portion","connected by a pair of connecting conductors",". Similarly, each of the second plurality of coupling loops","includes a first loop portion","and a second loop portion","connected by a pair of connecting conductors","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00089","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"278"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"272"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"272"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"282"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"272"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"278"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}}],"PDAT":["In the first plurality of coupling loops",", the first loop portions","are arranged along one lateral edge of the scale","and are arrayed along a measuring axis",". The second loop portions","are arranged along the center of the scale","and are arrayed along the measuring axis",". The connecting conductors","extend perpendicularly to the measuring axis","to connect the first loop portions","to the second loop portions","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00090","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"284"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"272"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"272"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"288"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"272"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"284"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}}],"PDAT":["Similarly, in the second plurality of coupling loops",", the first loop portions","are arranged along a second lateral edge of the scale","and arrayed along the measuring axis",". The second loop portions","are arranged along the center of the scale","along the measuring axis",", interleaved with the second loop portions","of the second coupling loops",". The connecting conductors","extend generally perpendicularly to the measuring axis","to connect the first loop portions","to the second loop portions","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00091","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"200"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"290"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"272"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"1"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"272"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 7"},"PDAT":["As shown in",", the read head","of the transducer","includes a transmitter winding","having a first transmitter winding portion","A and a second transmitter winding portion","B. The first transmitter winding portion","A is provided at a first lateral edge of the read head","while the second transmitter winding portion","B is provided at the other lateral edge of the read head",". Each of the first and second transmitter winding portions","A and","B have the same long dimension extending along the measuring axis",". Furthermore, each of the first and second transmitter winding portions","A and","B have a short dimension that extends a distance d","in a direction perpendicular to the measuring axis","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00092","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"290"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"290"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"290"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"294"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"294"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}}],"PDAT":["The terminals","A and","B of the transmitter winding","are connected to the transmitter drive signal generator",". The transmitter drive signal generator","outputs a time-varying drive signal to the transmitter winding terminal","A. Thus a time-varying current flows through the transmitter winding","from the transmitter winding terminal","A to the transmitter winding terminal","B."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00093","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}}],"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 7"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 7"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 7"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 7"}],"PDAT":["In response, the first transmitter winding portion","A generates a magnetic field that rises up out of the plane of","inside the first transmitter winding portion","A and descends into the plane of","outside the loop formed by the first transmitter winding portion","A. In contrast, the second transmitter winding portion","B generates a primary magnetic field that rises up out of the plane of","outside the loop formed by the second transmitter winding portion","B and descends into the plane of","inside the loop formed by the second transmitter winding portion","B."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00094","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"278"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"284"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 7"},"PDAT":["A current is then induced in the coupling loops","and","that counteracts the change of magnetic field. Thus, the induced current in each of the coupling loop sections","and","flows in a direction opposite to the current flowing in the respective adjacent portions of the transmitter loops","A and","B. As shown in","adjacent ones of the second loop portions","and","in the center section of the scale have loop currents having opposite polarities. Thus, a secondary magnetic field is created having field portions of opposite polarity periodically distributed along the center section of the scale. The wavelength ###lgr; of the periodic secondary magnetic field is equal to the distance between successive second loop portions","(or",")."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00095","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"3"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"300"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"302"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 3"},"PDAT":["The read head","also includes first and second receiver windings","and","that are generally identical to the first and second receiver windings","and","shown in FIG.",". In particular, similarly to the first and second receiver windings","and","shown in",", the first and second receiver windings","and","are each formed by a plurality of sinusoidally-shaped loop segments","and","formed on opposite sides of an insulating layer of the printed circuit board forming the read head","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00096","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"300"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"302"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"304"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"306"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"308"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"2"}}],"PDAT":["The loop segments","and","are linked through feed-throughs","to form alternating positive polarity loops","and negative polarity loops","in each of the first and second receiver windings","and",". The receiver windings","and","are positioned in the center of the read head","between the first and second transmitter portions","A and","B. Each of the first and second receiver windings","and","extends a distance d","in the direction perpendicular to the measuring axis."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00097","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"3"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}}],"PDAT":["Extraneous (position independent and scale independent) coupling from the transmitter loops to the receiver loops is generally avoided in this configuration. That is, the primary magnetic fields generated by the first and second transmitter portions","A and","B point in opposite directions in the vicinity of the first and second receiver windings","and",". Thus, the primary magnetic fields counteract each other in the area occupied by the first and second receiver windings","and",". Ideally, the primary magnetic fields completely counteract each in this area. The first and second receiver windings","and","are spaced equal distances d","from the inner portions of the first and second transmitter winding portions","A and","B. Thus, the magnetic fields generated by each of the first and second transmitter winding portions","A and","B in the portion of the read head","occupied by the first and second receiver windings","and","are in symmetric opposition and the associated inductive effects effectively cancel each other out. The net voltage induced in the first and second receiver windings","and","by extraneous direct coupling to the first and second transmitter winding portions","A and","B is reduced to a first extent by positioning the transmitter windings away from the receiver windings. Secondly, the symmetric design effectively reduces the net extraneous coupling to zero."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00098","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"278"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"272"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"310"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"278"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"278"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"1"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"272"}}],"PDAT":["Each of the first plurality of coupling loops","is arranged at a pitch equal to a wavelength ###lgr; of the first and second receiver windings","and",". Furthermore, the first loop portions","each extends a distance along the measuring axis","which is as close as possible to the wavelength ###lgr; while still providing an insulating space","between adjacent ones of the first loop portions","and",". In addition, the first loop portions","and","extend the distance d","in the direction perpendicular to the measuring axis","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00099","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"284"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"310"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"284"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"284"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"1"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"272"}}],"PDAT":["Similarly, the second plurality of coupling loops","are also arranged at a pitch equal to the wavelength ###lgr;. The first loop portions","also extend as close as possible to each other along the measuring axis to the wavelength ###lgr; while providing the space","between adjacent ones of the first loop portions",". The first loop portions","also extend the distance d","in the direction perpendicular to the measuring axis","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00100","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"312"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"7"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"2"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"272"}}],"PDAT":["The second loop portions","and","of the first and second pluralities of coupling loops","and","are also arranged at a pitch equal to the wavelength ###lgr;. However, each of the second loop portions","and","extends along the measuring axis as close as possible to only one-half the wavelength ###lgr;. An insulating space","is provided between each adjacent pair of second loop portions","and","of the first and second pluralities of coupling loops","and",", as shown in FIG.",". Thus, the second loop portions","and","of the first and second pluralities of coupling loops","and","are interleaved along the length of the scale",". Finally, each of the second loop portions","and","extends the distance d","in the direction perpendicular to the measuring axis","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00101","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"3"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"278"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"284"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"278"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"284"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}}],"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 7"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 7"}],"PDAT":["As shown in",", the second loop portions","and","are spaced the distance d","from the corresponding first loop portions","and",". Accordingly, when the read head","is placed in proximity to the scale",", as shown in",", the first transmitter winding portion","A aligns with the first loop portions","of the first plurality of coupling loops",". Similarly, the second transmitter winding portion","B aligns with the first loop portions","of the second plurality of coupling loops",". Finally, the first and second receiver windings","and","align with the second loop portions","and","of the first and second coupling loops","and",". As will be apparent from the preceding and the following discussions, the area enclosed by the second loop portions","and","define a sensing track extending parallel to the measuring axis, and that substantially all of the effective magnetic field passing through the sensing track is due solely to the current flow in the second loop portions."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00102","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"294"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"290"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}}],"PDAT":["In operation, a time-varying drive signal is output by the transmitter drive signal generator","to the transmitter winding terminal","A. Thus, the first transmitter winding portion","A generates a first changing magnetic field having a first direction while the second transmitter winding portion","B generates a second magnetic field in a second direction that is opposite to the first direction. This second magnetic field has a field strength that is equal to a field strength of the first magnetic field generated by the first transmitter winding portion","A."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00103","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}}],"PDAT":["Each of the first plurality of coupling loops","is inductively coupled to the first transmitter winding portion","A by the first magnetic field generated by the first transmitter winding portion","A. Thus, an induced current flows clockwise through each of the first plurality of coupling loops",". At the same time the second plurality of coupling loops","is inductively coupled to the second transmitter winding portion","B by the second magnetic field generated by the second transmitter winding portion","B. This induces a counterclockwise current to flow in each of the second plurality of coupling loops",". That is, the currents through the second portions","and","of the coupling loops","and","flow in opposite directions."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00104","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"272"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}}],"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 7"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 7"}],"PDAT":["The clockwise flowing current in each of the second portions","of the first coupling loops","generates a third magnetic field that depends into the plane of","within the second portions",". In contrast, the counterclockwise flowing currents in the second loop portions","of the second coupling loops","generate a fourth magnetic field that rises out of the plane of","within the second loop portions","of the second coupling loops",". Thus, a net alternating magnetic field is formed along the measuring axis",". This net alternating magnetic field has a wavelength which is equal to the wavelength ###lgr; of the first and second receiver windings","and","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00105","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"306"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"308"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"306"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"308"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"306"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"308"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}}],"PDAT":["Accordingly, when the positive polarity loops","of the first receiver winding","are aligned with either the second loop portions","or",", the negative polarity loops","of the first receiver winding","are aligned with the other of the second loop portions","or",". This is also true when the positive polarity loops","and the negative polarity loops","of the second receiver winding","are aligned with the second loop portions","and",". Because the alternating magnetic field generated by the second loop portions","and","is spatially modulated at the same wavelength as the spatial modulation of the first and second receiver windings","and",", the EMF generated in each of the positive and negative polarity loops","and","when aligned with the second loop portions","is equal and opposite to the EMF generated when they are aligned with the second loop portions","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00106","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"306"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"308"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"306"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"308"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"o"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 4C"},"PDAT":["Thus, the net output of the positive polarity loops",", as the read head","moves relative to the scale","is a sinusoidal function of the relative position of the read head along the scale and the offset component of the output signal due to extraneous coupling is nominally zero. Similarly, the net output from the negative polarity loops",", as the read head","moves relative to the scale",", is also sinusoidal and centered on the position axis. The EMF output from the positive polarity loops","and the negative polarity loops","are in phase. They thus generate a net position-dependent output signal corresponding to",", but without the DC offset V","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00107","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"138"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"140"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"314"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"314"}}],"PDAT":["Finally, the first and second receiver windings","and",", like the first and second receiver windings","and",", are in quadrature. Thus, the output signal generated by the first receiver winding","and output to the receiver signal processing circuit","is 90 degrees out of phase with the signal output by the second receiver winding","to the receiver signal processing circuit","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00108","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"314"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"316"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"316"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}}],"PDAT":["The receiver signal processing circuit","inputs and samples the output signals from the first and second receiver windings","and",", converts the signals to digital values and outputs them to the control unit",". The control unit","processes these digitized output signals to determine the relative position between the read head","and the scale","within a wavelength ###lgr;."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00109","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"306"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"308"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}}],"PDAT":["It should be appreciated that, with a suitable feed-through arrangement, either the positive polarity loops","or the negative polarity loops","could be reduced to zero width perpendicular to the measuring axis (becoming effectively simple conducting elements between the adjacent loops). In this case, the first and second receiver windings","and","become unipolar flux receivers, introducing an increased sensitivity to external fields, and reducing their output signal amplitude to half that of the previously described embodiment (due to the eliminated loop area)."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00110","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}}],"PDAT":["However, the modified design retains many inventive benefits. The net extraneous flux through the loops is still nominally zero due to the symmetric transmitter winding configuration. The output signal from each receiver winding","and","still swings from a maximum positive value to a maximum negative value with nominally zero offset. The degree of output signal change per unit of displacement, for a given measuring range, is still very high, due to the complementary periodic structure of the scale elements and receiver windings."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00111","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"316"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"316"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"316"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}}],"PDAT":["Based on the nature of the quadrature output from the first and second receiver windings","and",", the control unit","is able to determine the direction of relative motion between the read head","and the scale",". The control unit","counts the number of partial or full ###ldquo;incremental###rdquo; wavelengths ###lgr; traversed, by signal processing methods well-known to those skilled in the art and disclosed herein and in the incorporated references. The control unit","uses that number and the relative position within a wavelength ###lgr; to output the relative position between the read head","and the scale","from a set origin."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00112","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"316"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"294"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"314"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"294"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"316"}}],"PDAT":["The control unit","also outputs control signals to the transmitter drive signal generator","to generate the time-varying transmitter drive signal. It should be appreciated that any of the signal generating and processing circuits shown in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/441,769, filed May 16, 1995, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/645,483, filed May 13, 1996 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/788,469, filed Jan. 29, 1997 hereby incorporated by reference, can be used to implement the receiver signal processing circuit",", the transmitter drive signal generator","and the control unit",". Thus, these circuits will not be described in further detail herein."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00113","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"6"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"318"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"320"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"322"}}],"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 8"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 9"}],"PDAT":["shows a second embodiment of a read head that can be used with a scale according to FIG.",". The receiver in this version of the read head has three receiver windings",",","and",". The receiver windings are offset from each other along the measurement axis by ###frac13; of the wavelength ###lgr;.","shows the signal functions from the three receivers as a function of the position along the measurement axis."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00114","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"It should be appreciated that perfectly sinusoidal output functions are difficult to achieve in practice, and that deviations from a perfect sinusoidal output contain spatial harmonics of the fundamental wavelength of the transducer. Therefore, the three phase configuration of this second embodiment of the reduced-offset induced current position transducer has a significant advantage over the first embodiment of the reduced offset induced current position transducer, in that the third harmonic content in the separate receiver windings###apos; signal can be largely eliminated as a source of position measurement error."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00115","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"318"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"320"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"322"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"R"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"S"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"T"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 10"},"PDAT":["Eliminating the third harmonic is accomplished by combining the outputs of the receiver windings as shown in",", where the three windings are connected in a star configuration and the signals used for determining position are taken between the corners of the star. This can also be accomplished by measuring each of the output signals independently from the receiver windings",",","and",", and then combining them computationally in a corresponding way in a digital signal processing circuit. The following equations outline how the third harmonic component is eliminated by suitably combining the original three phase signals, designated as U",", U",", and U","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00116","PTEXT":{"CWU":{"MATH-US":{"EMI":{"ALT":"embedded 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wavelength is then calculated by:"}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00120","PTEXT":{"CWU":{"MATH-US":{"EMI":{"ALT":"embedded image","ID":"EMI-M00005","FILE":"USRE037490-20020101-M00005.TIF"},"MATHML":{"math":{"mrow":{"mo":"\u003d","mrow":{"mo":["_","###it;","###it;"],"mrow":{"mo":["(",")"],"mfrac":{"mrow":{"mo":"\*","mrow":{"mo":"-","msub":{"mi":["V","R"]}},"msqrt":{"mn":"3"}},"msub":{"mi":["V","Q"]}}},"msup":{"mn":"1","mi":"tan"},"mfrac":{"mrow":{"mn":"2","mo":"###it;","mi":"###pi;"},"mi":"###lambda;"},"mstyle":{"mtext":"###emsp;"}},"mi":"x"}}},"MATHEMATICA":{"ALT":"mathematica file","ID":"MATHEMATICA-00005","FILE":"USRE037490-20020101-M00005.NB"},"ID":"MATH-US-00005"}},"PDAT":"Solving for x:"}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00121","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"The position calculated this way using the output from three phase receiver windings will not contain any error from third harmonic components in the receiver output signal functions, to the extent that the outputs from all three receiver windings have the same third harmonic characteristics, which is generally the case for practical devices. Also, if the receiver signals are amplified in preamplifiers in the electronic unit, the measurement error caused by certain distortion errors in those electronic preamplifiers will be canceled by the above described signal processing in the three phase configuration."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00122","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"490"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"496"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"498"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"458"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"404"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"474"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"476"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"404"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIGS. 11A-11D"},"PDAT":["show a third embodiment of the read head and scale for the reduced offset induced current position transducer of the linear scale of this invention. This embodiment contains only one transmitter winding loop",", which is placed on one side of the receiver windings","and","on the read head",". The scale","is a two layer printed circuit board (PCB). Pattern forming coupling loops","and","are arrayed on the scale","along the measurement axis."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00123","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"474"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"478"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"482"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"480"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"478"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"480"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"478"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"480"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"476"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"484"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"488"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"486"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"484"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"486"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"484"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"486"}}],"PDAT":["Each coupling loop","includes a first loop portion","which is connected by connection lines","to a second loop portion",". The first and second loop portions","and","are connected so that an induced current produces the same polarity field in the first loop portion","and the second loop portion",". Each coupling loop","includes a first loop portion","which is connected by connection lines","to a second loop portion",". The first and second loop portions","and","are connected so that an induced current produces fields having opposite polarities in the first and second loop portions","and","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00124","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"474"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"476"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"404"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"404"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"504"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"474"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"476"}}],"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIGS. 11B and 11C"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 11B"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 11C"}],"PDAT":["The detailed construction of the coupling loops","and","is shown in",".","shows a first conductor pattern provided on a first one of the layers of the PCB forming the scale",".","shows a second construction pattern provided on a second one of the layers of the PCB forming the scale",". The individual portions of the first and second patterns formed on the first and second layers are connected via the feed-throughs","of the PCB to form the coupling loops","and","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00125","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"458"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"490"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"496"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"498"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"496"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"498"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"490"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"478"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"484"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"490"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"7"}}],"PDAT":["The read head","is formed by a second PCB and includes a transmitter loop","and first and second receiver windings","and",". The first and second receiver windings","and","are in this embodiment in a two-phase configuration. This embodiment could also use the three-phase configuration previously disclosed. The transmitter loop","encloses an area that covers the first loop portions","and","over the length of the read head. The transmitter loop","is excited in the same way as described previously in conjunction with FIG.","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00126","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"478"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"484"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"474"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"476"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"490"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"490"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"490"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"478"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"484"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"474"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"476"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"480"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"474"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"486"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"476"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"488"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 11D"},"PDAT":["The first loop portions","and","of the coupling loops","and","under the transmitter loop","respond to the primary magnetic field generated by the transmitter","with an induced EMF that causes a current and magnetic field that counteracts the primary magnetic field produced in the transmitter winding",". When the transmitter winding current flows counter-clockwise, as shown in",", the induced current in the first loop portions","and","of the coupling loops","and","flows counterclockwise. The current in the second loop portions","of the coupling loops","also flows clockwise. However, the current in the second loop portions","of the coupling loops","flow counter-clockwise because of the crossed connections","described above."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00127","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"480"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"486"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"496"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"498"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"458"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"480"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"486"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"496"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"498"}}],"PDAT":["Therefore, the array of second loop portions","and","produces a secondary magnetic field with regions of opposite polarity periodically repeating along the scale under the receiver windings","and","of the read head unit",". The secondary magnetic field has a wavelength ###lgr; equal to the period length for successive ones of the second loop portions",", which is also equal to the period length for successive ones of the second loop portions",". The receiver loops of the first and second windings","and","are designed to have the same wavelength ###lgr; as the scale pattern."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00128","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"496"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"498"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"458"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"404"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"490"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"280"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"286"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"480"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"486"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"490"}}],"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIGS. 6 and 7"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 7"}],"PDAT":["Hence, the receiver loops of the first and second receiver windings","and","will exhibit an induced EMF which produces a signal voltage whose amplitude will follow a periodic function with wavelength ###lgr; when the read head","is moved along the scale",". Thus, except for the distinction of the single transmitter loop",", this embodiment functions in the manner previously described for the embodiment shown in",". Similar to the previous discussion of second loop portions","and","of",", the total area enclosed by the second loop portions","and","define a sensing track extending parallel to the measuring axis. In this case, the effective magnetic field within the sensing track includes some effect due to coupling to the fringe of the field produced by the transmitter winding",". However, the current flow in the second loop portions produces a field in the sensing track that predominates over any other field."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00129","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"7"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}}],"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 12A"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 12A"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 12A"}],"PDAT":["shows a cross-section of an inductive read head according to the first embodiment of this invention shown in FIG.",".","illustrates how the primary magnetic field caused by the current in the transmitter loop","A encircles the conductors and partly crosses through the receiver loops","and",".","also shows how the primary magnetic field caused by the current in the transmitter loop","B passes through the receiver loops","and","in the opposite direction from the primary magnetic field caused by the transmitter loop","A."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00130","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"292"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"296"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"298"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"3"}}],"PDAT":["Thus, the resulting net magnetic field through the first and second receiver windings","and","will be very close to zero and the extraneous direct coupling from the transmitter loops","A and","B to the first and second receiver windings","and","will be nullified. Experience and theoretical calculations show an improvement in the ratio of useful to extraneous signal components by a factor of more than 100 relative to the embodiment shown in FIG.","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00131","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"11"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"490"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"496"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"498"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"490"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"496"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"498"}}],"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 12B"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 12B"}],"PDAT":["shows a cross-section of an inductive read head according to the third embodiment of this invention shown in FIG.","D.","illustrates how the primary magnetic field caused by the current in the transmitter loop","encircles the conductors and partly crosses through the first and second receiver loops","and",". Although this case fails to nullify the extraneous direct coupling, as provided in the first preferred embodiment, it still reduces the extraneous direct coupling by virtue of the separation of the transmitter loop","and the first and second receiver windings","and","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00132","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"496"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"498"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"3"}}],"PDAT":["Furthermore, the secondary magnetic field having alternating polarities is provided in the vicinity of the first and second receiver windings","and",". This eliminates other sources of offset. According to experience and theoretical calculations, the third embodiment shows an improvement in the ratio of useful to extraneous signal components by a factor of about 10 relative to the embodiment shown in FIG.","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00133","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"474"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"476"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"496"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"498"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"490"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"496"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"498"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 11A"},"PDAT":["It should be appreciated that the previous embodiments may be modified in certain aspects, while retaining many of their inventive benefits. For example, the coupling loops","(or",") of","may be eliminated, while other aspects of this configuration remain the same. In this case, the secondary magnetic field provided in the vicinity of the first and second receiver windings","and","does not have a pattern of alternating polarities, as in the third embodiment. However, this design still reduces the extraneous direct coupling between transmitter and receiver windings by virtue of the separation of the transmitter loop","and the first and second receiver windings","and","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00134","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"474"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"476"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"474"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"476"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"496"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"498"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"478"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"484"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"490"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"480"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"486"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"496"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"498"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"478"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"484"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 11D"},"PDAT":["Furthermore, the use of multiple coupling loops provides the benefit of averaging out the error contributions of small, but significant, random deviations in segments of the winding configurations due to imperfect fabrication processes. Also, even if the coupling loops","(or",") are eliminated, the fundamental operation of the transducer is still based on a moving structured field, defined by the coupling loops","(or",") providing the primary excitation for the first and second receiver windings","and",". It should also be noted that the vertical sections of the first loop portions","and","shown in","could be bridged by horizontal conductors at the top and bottom (not shown). In this case, the multiple coupling loops form a single coupling loop with a single elongated portion under the transmitter winding",", and multiple serially connected loop portions","and","under the windings","and",". Thus, the moving structured field is still maintained, although the function of the first coupling loop portions","and","is now provided by a single continuous winding."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00135","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"474"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"476"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 3"},"PDAT":["In contrast, in the embodiment shown in",", a spatially static uniform field provided the primary excitation for the first and second receiver windings","and",". The receiver winding output signals are based on how this uniform field is affected by moving elements which disturb the uniform excitation field in the vicinity of the first and second receiver windings","and",". The moving structured field excitation approach of this invention provides an inherently superior signal, even if the coupling loops","(or",") are eliminated."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00136","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"200"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"8"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"13"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 13"},"PDAT":["shows a block diagram of the second embodiment of the reduced offset induced current position transducer","using the three phase read head","shown in FIG.",". Only the essential portions of the signal processing circuit needed to determine the position of the read head","relative to the scale","are shown in FIG.","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00137","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"290"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"295"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"294"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"295"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"324"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"326"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"DD"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"328"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"330"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"1"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"324"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"326"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"330"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"290"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"290"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"290"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"290"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"290"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"330"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 13"},"PDAT":["As shown in",", the transmitter winding","is connected to a signal generator circuit","of the transmitter drive signal generator",". The signal generator circuit","includes a first switch","serially connected to a second switch","between ground and a power supply voltage V","from an energy source",". One terminal of a capacitor","is connected to a node N","between the first and second switches","and",". A second plate of the capacitor","is connected to the terminal","A of the transmitter winding",". The second terminal","B of the transmitter winding","is connected to ground. This, the transmitter winding","forms the inductor in a LC resonant circuit with the capacitor","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00138","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"290"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"318"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"320"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"322"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"318"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"320"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"322"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"332"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"318"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"334"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"320"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"336"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"322"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"338"}}],"PDAT":["The transmitter winding","is indirectly inductively coupled via the coupling loops","and","formed on the scale","to the first-third receiver windings",",","and",". The receiver windings",",","and","are connected to a sample and hold circuit",". In particular, the output of the first receiver","is connected to a first sample and hold subcircuit",". The output of the second receiver","is connected to a second sample and hold subcircuit",", while the output of the third receiver","is connected to a third sample and hold subcircuit","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00139","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"334"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"336"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"338"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"340"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"318"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"320"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"322"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"340"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"342"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"344"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"3"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"340"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"342"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"344"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"342"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"346"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"342"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"4"}}],"PDAT":["Each of the three sample and hold subcircuits",",","and","includes a switch","receiving an output from the corresponding receiver loop",",",", or",". The output of the switch","is connected to the positive input terminal of a buffer amplifier",". One plate of a sample and hold capacitor","is connected to a node N","between the switch","and the buffer amplifier",". The other plate of the sample and hold capacitor","is connected to ground. An output of the buffer amplifier","is connected to a switch",". The negative input terminal of the buffer amplifier","is connected to the output of the buffer amplifier at a node N","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00140","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"346"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"334"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"336"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"338"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"348"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"350"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"350"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"332"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"352"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"258"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}}],"PDAT":["The outputs of the switches","of the three sample and hold subcircuits",",","and","are connected to a single output line","that is connected to an input of analog-to-digital (A/D) converter",". The A/D converter","converts the output of the sample and hold circuit","from an analog value to a digital value. The digital value is output to a microprocessor","which processes the digital values from the A/D converter to determine the relative position between the read head","and the scale","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00141","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"352"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"352"}}],"PDAT":["Each position within a wavelength can be uniquely identified by the microprocessor",", according to known techniques and the equations previously disclosed herein. The microprocessor","also uses known techniques to keep track of the direction of motion and the number of wavelengths that are traversed to determine the position for the transducer relative to an initial reference position."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00142","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"352"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"354"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"356"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"356"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"358"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"360"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"362"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"364"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"366"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"368"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"294"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"332"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"356"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"358"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"360"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"324"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"326"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 13"},"PDAT":["The microprocessor","also controls the sequence of signal sampling by outputting a control signal over a signal line","to a digital control unit",". The digital control unit","controls the sequence of transmission, signal sampling and A/D conversion by outputting control signals on the signal lines",",",",",",",",","and","to the transmitter drive signal generator","and the sample and hold circuit",". In particular, as shown in",", the digital control unit","outputs switch control signals over the signal lines","and","to the first and second switches","and",", respectively, for controlling the transmitter excitation."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00143","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"356"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"362"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"364"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"366"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"368"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"332"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"362"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"340"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"334"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"336"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"338"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"318"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"320"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"322"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"344"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"362"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"340"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"318"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"320"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"322"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"344"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"364"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"366"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"368"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"342"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"334"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"336"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"338"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"350"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"348"}}],"PDAT":["The digital control unit","outputs switch control signals on the signal lines",",",",","and","to the sample and hold circuit",". In particular, the control signal","controllably opens and closes the switches","of the first-third sample and hold subcircuits",",","and","to connect the receiver windings",",","and","to the sample and hold capacitors",". When the control signal","controllably opens the switches",", the signals received from the receiver windings",",","and","are stored in the sample and hold capacitors",". The switch control signals on the signal lines",",","and","are used to controllably connect the outputs of the buffer amplifiers","of one of the first-third sample and hold subcircuits",",",", and",", respectively, to the A/D converter","over the signal line","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00144","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"358"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"360"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"362"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"364"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"366"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"368"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"358"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"324"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"330"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"DD"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"358"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"324"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 14"},"PDAT":["shows a timing diagram for generating the switch control signals",",",",",",",",","and","to obtain a position measurement. First, the switch control signal output on the signal lines","is set to a high state to close the switch",". This charges up the capacitor","to the supply voltage V",". The switch control signal on the signal line","is then set to a low state to open the switch","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00145","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"360"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"326"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"330"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"290"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"330"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"290"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"X"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"14"}}],"PDAT":["Next, the switch control signal output on the signal line","is changed from a low state to a high state to close the switch",". This allows the capacitor","to discharge through the corresponding transmitter winding",". In particular, the capacitor","forms a resonant circuit with the transmitter windings","with a chosen resonant frequency on the order of several MHz. The resonance is a damped oscillation with a waveform corresponding essentially to the signal S","shown in FIG.","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00146","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"SB":{"PDAT":"X"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"318"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"320"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"322"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"X"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"318"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"320"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"322"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"250"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"9"}}],"PDAT":["The signal S","appears with the same time function on each of the receiver windings",",","and",". However, the amplitude and polarity of the signal S","appearing on each of the receiver windings",",","and","depends on the position of the read head","relative to the scale",", as shown in FIG.","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00147","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"SB":{"PDAT":"X"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"362"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"344"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"332"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"X"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"362"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"340"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"X"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"344"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"334"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"336"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"338"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"360"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"326"}}],"PDAT":["Before the signal S","on the receiver windings reaches a peak, the switch control signal on the signal line","changes from a low state to a high state to begin charging each of the sample and hold capacitors","of the sample and hold circuit",". At a point just after, but approximately at, the peak of the signal S",", the switch control signal on the signal line","returns to the low state to open the switches",". This holds the amplitude of the signals S","for each of the three receiver windings on the corresponding one of the sample and hold capacitors","of the first-third sample and hold subcircuits",",","and",". At some point thereafter, the switch control signal on the signal line","is returned to the low state to open the switch","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00148","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"362"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"364"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"346"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"334"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"344"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"348"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"350"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"350"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"348"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"352"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"364"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"346"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"366"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"368"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"336"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"338"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"350"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"348"}}],"PDAT":["Next, at some time after the control signal","has returned to the low state, the switch control signal on the signal line","changes from the low state to the high state to close the switch","of the sample and hold subcircuit",". This connects the sampled value held on the corresponding sample and hold capacitor","over the signal line","to the A/D converter",". The A/D converter","converts the analog value on the signal line","to a digital value and outputs the digital value to the microprocessor",". The switch control signal on the signal line","returns to the low state to open the corresponding switch",". This sequence is then repeated for the switch control signals output on the signal lines","and","to connect the signals sampled by the sample and hold subcircuits","and","to the A/D converter","over the signal line","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00149","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"This process is repeated according to the program in the microprocessor. A program can easily be made that adapts the sampling rate of the system to the speed of movement of the transducer, thereby minimizing the current consumption. This operation is well known to those skilled in the art and thus will not be described in further detail herein."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00150","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"295"}},"PDAT":["The previously described signal processing system can be operated on very low power with the disclosed inductive position transducers, and other related inductive position transducers, if desired. For example, intermittently activating the drive signal generator","to support a signal processing system sampling frequency of about 1 kHz provides sufficient accuracy and motion tracking capability for most applications. To reduce power consumption, the drive signal generator duty cycle can be kept low by making the pulses relatively short. For example, for the 1 kHz sampling frequency described above, a suitable pulse width is about 0.1-1.0 ###mgr;s. That is, the duty cycle of the pulses having sampling period of 1 ms is 0.01%-0.1%."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00151","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"330"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"290"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"330"}}],"PDAT":["The resonant frequency of the capacitor","and the winding","is then preferably selected such that the peak of the voltage across the capacitor","occurs before the end of the 1.0 ###mgr;s or less pulse. Thus, the resonant frequency is on the order of several megahertz, as previously disclosed. The corresponding magnetic flux will therefore be modulated at a frequency above 1 MHz, and typically of several megahertz. This is considerably higher than the frequencies of conventional inductive position transducers."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00152","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"204"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"274"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"276"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"318"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"320"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"322"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"318"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"320"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"322"}}],"PDAT":["The inventors have determined that, at these frequencies, the currents generated in the scale","with the coupling loops","and","produce strong inductive coupling to the first-third receiver windings",",","and",". The EMFs generated in the first-third receiver windings",",","and",", and the resulting output signal, therefore respond strongly to variations in coupling loop position. This occurs despite the low duty cycle and low power used by the pulsed drive signal."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00153","PTEXT":{"HIL":{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"294"}},"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 13"},"PDAT":["The strength of the response, combined with the low duty cycle and low power consumption, allows the inductive position transducer to make measurements while the drive signal generator","and the remainder of the signal processing electronic circuit shown in","draw an average current preferably below 200 ###mgr;A, and more preferably below 75 ###mgr;A, for lower power applications. It should be understood that ###ldquo;average current###rdquo; as used herein means the total charge consumed over one or more measurement cycles, divided by the duration of the one or more measurement cycles, while the inductive position transducer is in normal use."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00154","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"The inductive position transducers similar to the type disclosed herein can therefore be operated with an adequate battery lifetime using three or fewer commercially available miniature batteries or with a photo-electric cell. Further details regarding low power signal processing are disclosed in the incorporated references."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00155","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"It should be appreciated that although the foregoing embodiments are shown with spatially uniform windings designated as the transmitter windings, and spatially modulated windings designated as the receiver windings, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the disclosed transducer winding configurations will retain all of their inventive benefits if the roles of the transmitter and receiver windings are ###ldquo;reversed###rdquo; in conjunction with appropriate signal processing. One such appropriate signal processing technique is disclosed in reference to FIG. 21 of incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/441,769. Other applicable signal processing techniques will be apparent to those skilled in the art."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00156","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"Thus, while this invention has been described in conjunction with the specific embodiments outlined above, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the preferred embodiments of the invention as set forth above are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims."}}]}},"BRFSUM":{"BTEXT":{"H":[{"LVL":"1","STEXT":{"PDAT":"BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION"}},{"LVL":"1","STEXT":{"PDAT":"SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION"}}],"PARA":[{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00002","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"1. Field of Invention"}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00003","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"This invention relates to an electronic caliper. More particularly this invention is directed to electronic calipers using a reduced offset induced current position transducer."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00004","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"2. Description of Related Art"}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00005","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/645,483 filed May 13, 1996, and incorporated herein in its entirety, discloses an electronic caliper using an inductive position transducer."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00006","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"2"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"3"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"100"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"106"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"104"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"106"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"106"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"104"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"104"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}}],"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIGS. 1"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 1"}],"PDAT":["The operation of the electronic caliper using the inductive position transducer described in the application Ser. No. ###apos;483 is generally shown in",",",", and",". As shown in",", an inductive caliper","includes an elongated beam",". The elongated beam","is a rigid or semi-rigid bar having a generally rectangular cross section. A groove","is formed in an upper surface of the elongated beam",". An elongated measuring scale","is rigidly bonded to the elongated beam","in the groove",". The groove","is formed in the beam","at a depth about equal to the thickness of the scale",". Thus, the top surface of the scale","is very nearly coplanar with the top edges of beam","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00007","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"108"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"110"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"112"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"116"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"118"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"120"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"114"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"108"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"116"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"110"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"118"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"122"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"110"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"118"}}],"PDAT":["A pair of laterally projecting, fixed jaws","and","are integrally formed near a first end","of the beam",". A corresponding pair of laterally projecting movable jaws","and","are formed on a slider assembly",". The outside dimensions of an object are measured by placing the object between a pair of engagement surfaces","on the jaws","and",". Similarly, the inside dimensions of an object are measured by placing the jaws","and","within an object. The engagement surfaces","of the jaws","and","are positioned to contact the surfaces on the object to be measured."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00008","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"122"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"114"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"114"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"108"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"116"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"122"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"110"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"118"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"100"}}],"PDAT":["The engagement surfaces","and","are positioned so that when the engagement surfaces","of the jaws","and","are contacting each other, the engagement surfaces","of the jaws","and","are aligned with each other. In this position, the zero position (not shown), both the outside and inside dimensions measured by the caliper","should be zero."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00009","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"100"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"124"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"120"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"124"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"126"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"124"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"126"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"128"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"100"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"128"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"124"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"126"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"100"}}],"PDAT":["The caliper","also includes a depth bar","which is attached to the slider assembly",". The depth bar","projects longitudinally from the beam","and terminates at an engagement end",". The length of the depth bar","is such that the engagement end","is flush with a second end","of the beam","when the caliper","is at the zero position. By resting the second end","of the beam","on a surface in which a hole is formed and extending the depth bar","into the hole until the end","touches the bottom of the hole, the caliper","is able to measure the depth of the hole."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00010","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"108"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"116"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"110"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"118"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"124"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"134"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"136"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"100"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"130"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"132"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"136"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"130"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"160"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"120"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"132"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"134"}}],"PDAT":["Whether a measurement is made using the outside measuring jaws","and",", the inside measuring jaws","and",", or the depth bar",", the measured dimension is displayed on a conventional digital display",", which is mounted in a cover","of the caliper",". A pair of push button switches","and","are also mounted in the cover",". The switch","turns on and off a signal processing and display electronic circuit","of the slider assembly",". The switch","is used to reset the display","to zero."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00011","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"120"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"138"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"140"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"140"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"146"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"120"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"100"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"144"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"146"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"120"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 1"},"PDAT":["As shown in",", the slider assembly","includes a base","with a guiding edge",". The guiding edge","contacts a side edge","of the elongated beam","when the slider assembly","straddles the elongated beam",". This ensures accurate operation of the caliper",". A pair of screws","bias a resilient pressure bar","against a mating edge of the beam","to eliminate free play between the slider assembly","and the elongated beam","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00012","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"124"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"148"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"148"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"124"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"124"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"148"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"150"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"150"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"128"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"150"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"120"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"128"}}],"PDAT":["The depth bar","is inserted into a depth bar groove","formed on an underside of the elongated beam",". The depth bar groove","extends along the underside of the elongated beam","to provide clearance for the depth bar",". The depth bar","is held in the depth bar groove","by an end stop",". The end stop","is attached to the underside of the beam","at the second end",". The end stop","also prevents the slider assembly","from inadvertently disengaging from the elongated beam","at the second end","during operation."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00013","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"120"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"152"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"138"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"138"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"152"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"152"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"154"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"154"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"158"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"160"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"154"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"156"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"136"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"154"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"160"}}],"PDAT":["The slider assembly","also includes a read head assembly","mounted on the base","above the elongated beam",". Thus, the base","and read head assembly","move as a unit. The read head assembly","includes a substrate","such as a conventional printed circuit board. The substrate","bears an inductive read head","on its lower surface. A signal processing and display electronic circuit","is mounted on an upper surface of the substrate",". A resilient seal","is compressed between the cover","and the substrate","to prevent contamination of the signal processing and display electronic circuit","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00014","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"158"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"162"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 2"},"PDAT":["As shown in",", the read head","is covered by a thin, durable, insulative coating",", which is preferably approximately 50 microns thick."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00015","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"104"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"164"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"164"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"168"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"168"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"1"}}],"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 1"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 2"}],"PDAT":["The scale","is preferably an elongated printed circuit board (PCB)",". As shown in",", a set of magnetic flux modulators","are spaced apart along the PCB","in a periodic pattern. The flux modulators","are preferably formed of copper. The flux modulators","are preferably formed according to conventional printed circuit board manufacturing techniques, although many other methods of fabrication may be used. As shown in",", a protective insulating layer","(preferably being at most 100 microns thick) covers the flux modulators",". The protective layer","can include printed markings, as shown in FIG.","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00016","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"120"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"158"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"170"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"162"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"168"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"170"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"158"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}}],"PDAT":["The slider assembly","carries the read head","so that it is slightly separated from the beam","by an air gap","formed between the insulative coatings","and",". The air gap","is preferably on the order of 0.5 mm. Together, the read head","and the flux modulators","form an inductive transducer."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00017","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"174"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"102"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"174"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"174"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 3"},"PDAT":["As shown in",", the magnetic flux modulators","are distributed along a measuring axis","of the elongated beam","at a pitch equal to a wavelength ###lgr;, which is described in more detail below. The flux modulators","have a nominal width along the measuring axis","of ###lgr;/2. The flux modulators","have a width d in a direction perpendicular to the measuring axis","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00018","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"158"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"178"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"178"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}}],"PDAT":["The read head","includes a generally square transmitter winding","that is connected to a drive signal generator",". The drive signal generator","provides a time varying drive signal to the transmitter winding",". The time varying drive signal preferably results in a sinusoidal signal in the transmitter winding",", and more preferably an exponentially decaying sinusoidal signal. When the time varying drive signal is applied to the transmitter winding",", the time varying current flowing in the transmitter winding","generates a time varying, or changing, magnetic field. Because the transmitter winding","is generally rectangularly shaped, the generated magnetic field is generally constant within a flux region inside the transmitter winding","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00019","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"158"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"158"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"184"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"186"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"184"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"154"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"186"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"154"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"154"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"184"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"186"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"184"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"186"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"188"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"154"}}],"PDAT":["The read head","further includes a first receiver winding","and a second receiver winding","positioned on the read head","within the flux region inside the transmitter winding",". Each of the first receiver winding","and the second receiver winding","is formed by a plurality of first loop segments","and second loop segments",". The first loop segments","are formed on a first surface of a layer of the printed circuit board",". The second loop segments","are formed on another surface of the layer of the printed circuit board",". The layer of the printed circuit board","acts as an electrical insulation layer between the first loop segments","and the second loop segments",". Each end of the first loop segments","is connected to one end of one of the second loop segments","through feed-throughs","formed in the layer of the printed circuit board","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00020","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"184"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"186"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"184"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"186"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 3"},"PDAT":["The first and second loop segments","and","are preferably sinusoidally shaped. Accordingly, as shown in","the first and second loop segments","and","forming each of the receiver windings","and","form a sinusoidally shaped periodic pattern having a wavelength ###lgr;. Each of the receiver windings","and","are thus formed having a plurality of loops","and","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00021","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"174"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"184"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"186"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"174"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}}],"PDAT":["The loops","and","in each of the first and second receiver windings","and","have a width along the measuring axis","equal to ###lgr;/2. Thus, each pair of adjacent loops","and","has a width equal to ###lgr;. Furthermore, the first and second loop segments","and","go through a full sinusoidal cycle in each pair of adjacent loops","and",". Thus, ###lgr; corresponds to the sinusoidal wavelength of the first and second receiver windings","and",". Furthermore, the second receiver winding","is offset by ###lgr;/4 from the first receiver winding","along the measuring axis",". That is, the first and second receiver windings","and","are in quadrature."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00022","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"178"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"a,"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"b"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}}],"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 3"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 3"}],"PDAT":["The changing drive signal from the drive signal generator","is applied to the transmitter winding","such that current flows in a transmitter winding","from a first terminal","through the transmitter winding","and out through a second terminal",". Thus, the magnetic field generated by the transmitter winding","descends into the plane of","within the transmitter winding","and rises up out of the plane of","outside the transmitter winding",". Accordingly, the changing magnetic field within the transmitter winding","generates an induced electromagnetic force (EMF) in each of the loops","and","formed in the receiver windings","and","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00023","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}}],"PDAT":["The loops","and","have opposite winding directions. Thus, the EMF induced in the loops","has a polarity that is opposite to the polarity of the EMF induced in the loops",". The loops","and","enclose the same area and thus nominally the same amount of magnetic flux. Therefore, the absolute magnitude of the EMF generated in each of the loops","and","is nominally the same."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00024","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}}],"PDAT":["There are preferably equal numbers of loops","and","in each of the first and second receiver windings","and",". Thus, the positive polarity EMF induced in the loops","is exactly offset by the negative polarity EMF induced in the loops",". Accordingly, the net nominal EMF on each of the first and second receiver windings","and","is zero. Thus, no signal should be output from the first and second receiver windings","and","as a result solely of the direct coupling from the transmitter winding","to the receiver windings","and","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00025","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"158"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"164"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}}],"PDAT":["When the read head","is placed in proximity to the PCB",", the changing magnetic flux generated by the transmitter winding","also passes through the flux modulators",". The flux modulators","modulate the changing magnetic flux and can be either flux enhancers or flux disrupters."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00026","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"164"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}}],"PDAT":["When the flux modulators","are provided as flux disrupters, the flux modulators","are formed as conductive plates or thin conductive films on the PCB",". As the changing magnetic flux passes through the conductive plates or thin films, eddy currents are generated in the conductive plates or thin films. These eddy currents in turn generate magnetic fields having a field direction that is opposite to that of the magnetic field generated by the transmitter winding",". Thus, in areas proximate to each of the flux disrupter-type flux modulators",", the net magnetic flux is less than the net magnetic flux in areas distant from the flux disrupter type flux modulators","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00027","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"164"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"158"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"a"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"b."}}],"PDAT":["When the scale PCB","is positioned relative to the read head","such that the flux disrupters","are aligned with the positive polarity loops","of the receiver winding",", the net EMF generated in the positive polarity loops","is reduced compared to the net EMF generated in the negative polarity loops",". Thus, the receiver winding","becomes unbalanced and has a net negative signal across its output terminals","and"]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00028","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"a"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"b."}}],"PDAT":["Similarly, when the flux disrupters","are aligned with the negative polarity loops",", the net magnetic flux through the negative polarity loops","is disrupted or reduced. Thus, the net EMF generated in the negative polarity loops","is reduced relative to the net EMF generated in the positive polarity loops",". Thus, the first receiver winding","has a net positive signal across its output terminals","and"]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00029","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"104"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"164"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}}],"PDAT":["When the flux modulators","are provided as flux enhancers, this result is exactly reversed. The flux enhancer type flux modulators","are formed by portions of high magnetic permeability material provided in or on the scale member",", in place of the conductive plates of PCB",". The magnetic flux generated by the transmitter winding","preferentially passes through the high magnetic permeability flux enhancer type flux modulators",". That is, the density of the magnetic flux within the flux enhancers","is enhanced, while the flux density in areas outside the flux enhancers","is reduced."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00030","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"a"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"b"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}}],"PDAT":["Thus, when the flux enhancers","are aligned with the positive polarity loops","of the second receiver winding",", the flux density through the positive polarity loops","is greater than a flux density passing through the negative polarity loops",". Thus, the net EMF generated in the positive polarity","increases, while the net EMF induced in the negative polarity loops","decreases. This appears as a positive signal across the terminals","and","of the second receiver winding","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00031","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"a"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"ITALIC":{"PDAT":"b"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"104"}}],"PDAT":["When the flux enhancers","are aligned with the negative polarity loops",", the negative polarity loops","generate an enhanced EMF relative to the EMF induced in the positive polarity loops",". Thus, a negative signal appears across the terminals","and","of the second receiver winding",". It should also be appreciated that, as outlined in the incorporated reference, both the flux enhancing and flux disrupting effects can be combined in a single scale, where the flux enhancers and flux disrupters are interleaved along the length of the scale",". This would act to enhance the modulation of the induced EMF, because the effects of both types of flux modulators additively combine."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00032","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}}],"PDAT":["As indicated above, the width and height of the flux modulators","are nominally ###lgr;/2 and d, respectively, while the pitch of the flux modulators","is nominally ###lgr;. Similarly, the wavelength of the periodic pattern formed in the first and second receiver windings","and","is nominally ###lgr; and the height of the loops","and","is nominally d. Furthermore, each of the loops","and","enclose a nominally constant area."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00033","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}}],"FGREF":{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 4A"},"PDAT":["shows the position-dependent output from the positive polarity loops","as the flux modulators","move relative to the positive polarity loops",". Assuming the flux modulators","are flux disrupters, the minimum signal amplitude corresponds to those positions where the flux disrupters","exactly align with the positive polarity loops",", while the maximum amplitude positions correspond to the flux disrupters","being aligned with the negative polarity loops","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00034","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}}],"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 4B"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 4A"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIGS. 4A and 4B"}],"PDAT":["shows the signal output from each of the negative polarity loops",". As with the signal shown in",", the minimum signal amplitude corresponds to those positions where the flux disrupters","exactly align with the positive polarity loops",", while the maximum signal output corresponds to those positions where the flux disrupters exactly align with the negative polarity loops",". It should be appreciated that if flux enhancers were used in place of flux disrupters, the minimum signal amplitudes in","would correspond to the flux enhancers","aligning with the negative polarity loops",", while the maximum signal amplitude would correspond to the flux enhancers","aligning with the positive polarity loops","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00035","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}}],"FGREF":[{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 4C"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIGS. 4A and 4B"},{"ID":"DRAWINGS","PDAT":"FIG. 4C"}],"PDAT":["shows the net signal output from either of the first and second receiver windings","and",". This net signal is equal to the sum of the signals output from the positive and negative polarity loops","and",", i.e., the sum of the signal shown in",". The net signal shown in","should ideally be symmetrical around zero, that is, the positive and negative polarity loops","and","should be exactly balanced to produce a symmetrical output with zero offset."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00036","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"SB":{"PDAT":"o"}},{"SB":{"PDAT":"o"}}],"PDAT":["However, a ###ldquo;DC###rdquo; (position independent) component often appears in the net signal in a real device. This DC component is the offset signal V",". This offset V","is an extraneous signal component that complicates signal processing and leads to undesirable position measurement errors. This offset has two sources."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00037","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}}],"PDAT":["First, the full amplitude of the transmitter field passes through the first and second receiver windings","and",". As outlined above, this induces a voltage in each loop","and",". The induced voltage nominally cancels because the loops","and","have opposite winding directions. However, to perfectly cancel the induced voltage in the receiver windings requires the positive and negative loops","and","to be precisely positioned and shaped, for a perfectly balanced result. The tolerances on the balance are critical because the voltages induced directly into the receiver winding loops","and","by the transmitter winding","are much stronger than the modulation in the induced voltage caused by the flux modulators","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00038","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}}],"PDAT":["Second, the spatially modulated field created by the flux modulators also exhibits an average position-independent offset component. That is, the flux modulators","within the magnetic field generated by the transmitter winding","all create the same polarity spatial modulation in the magnetic field. For example, when flux disrupters are used, the induced eddy current field from the flux modulators has an offset because the flux disrupters within the transmitter field all create a same polarity secondary magnetic field. At the same time, the space between the flux disrupters does not create a secondary magnetic field."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00039","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"176"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}}],"PDAT":["Thus, each positive polarity loop","and each negative polarity loop","of the receiver windings","and","sees a net magnetic field that varies between a minimum value and a maximum value having the same polarity. The mean value of this function is not balanced around zero, i.e., it has a large nominal offset. Similarly, when flux enhancers are used, the field modulation due to the flux enhancers has an offset because the enhancers within the transmitter winding","all create the same field modulation, while the space between the modulators provides no modulation. Each positive and negative polarity loop","and","of each receiver winding","or","therefore sees a modulated field that varies between a minimum value and a maximum value having the same polarity. The mean value of this function also has a large nominal offset."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00040","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}}],"PDAT":["A receiver winding having an equal number of similar positive and negative polarity loops","and","helps eliminate the offset components. However, any imperfection in the balance between the positive and negative polarity loops","and","allows residual offsets according to the previous description."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00041","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"190"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"192"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}}],"PDAT":["Both these offset components are expected to be canceled solely by the symmetry between the positive and negative polarity loops","and","in the first and second windings","and",". This puts very stringent requirements on the manufacturing precision of the receiver windings","and",". Experience in manufacturing a transducer indicates it is practically impossible to eliminate this source of error from the induced current position transducer of a conventional caliper."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00042","PTEXT":{"HIL":[{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"166"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"180"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"182"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"164"}},{"BOLD":{"PDAT":"158"}}],"PDAT":["Furthermore, any deviations in the width or pitch of the flux modulators","will unbalance the receiver windings","or","in a way that is independent of the relative position between the PCB","and the read head","."]}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00043","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"Any signal component which is independent of the transducer position, such as the aforementioned offset components, is regarded as an extraneous signal to the operation of the transducer. Such extraneous signals complicate the required signal processing circuitry and otherwise lead to errors which compromise the accuracy of the transducer."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00044","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"One proposed solution attempts to reduce the extraneous coupling between the transmitter and receiver windings simply by placing the receiver winding distant from the field produced by the transmitter winding. However, the effectiveness of this technique alone depends on the degree of separation between the transmitter and receiver windings. Hence, this technique contradicts the need for high accuracy linear caliper of compact size. Alternatively, the transmitter field can be confined with magnetically permeable materials so that the effectiveness of a given degree of separation is increased. However, this technique leads to additional complexity, cost, and sensitivity to external fields, in a practical device."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00045","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"Furthermore, the simple winding configurations disclosed in association with these techniques include no means for creating a device with a measuring range significantly exceeding the span of the transmitter and receive windings. In addition, the simple winding configurations provide no means for significantly enhancing the degree of output signal change per unit of displacement for a given measuring range. Thus, the practical measuring resolution of these devices is limited for a given measuring range."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00046","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"The need for a high accuracy inductive linear caliper which rejects both extraneous signal components and external fields, is compact, of simple construction, and capable of high resolution measurement over an extended measuring range without requiring increased fabrication and circuit accuracies, has therefore not been met previously."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00047","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"This invention provides an electronic caliper using an induced current position transducer with improved winding configurations. The improved winding configurations increase the proportion of the useful output signal component relative to extraneous (###ldquo;offset###rdquo😉 components of the output signal without requiring increased transducer fabrication accuracy. Furthermore, the winding configurations provide means to enhance the degree of output signal change per unit of displacement for a given measuring range."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00048","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"This is accomplished by winding configurations that minimize and nullify the direct coupling between the transmitter and receiver windings while providing enhanced position-dependent coupling between them through a plurality of coupling windings on the scale which interact with a plurality of spatial modulations of the windings."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00049","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"In particular, this invention includes an electronic caliper using a reduced offset induced current position transducer having a scale and a read head that are movable relative to each other along a measuring axis. The read head includes a pair of receiver windings extending along the measuring axis and positioned in a center portion of the read head. The read head further includes a transmitter winding extending along the measuring axis and positioned laterally from the receiver windings in a direction perpendicular to the measuring axis."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00050","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"In a first embodiment of the electronic caliper using the induced current position transducer of this invention, the transmitter winding is divided into a first transmitter loop and a second transmitter loop, with the first transmitter loop placed on one side of the receiver windings and the second transmitter loop placed on the other side of the receiver windings. The magnetic fields created by the first and second loops of the transmitter winding counteract each other in the area of the receiver winding. This minimizes the extraneous effects of any direct coupling from the transmitter winding to the receiver winding."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00051","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"The scale member has a plurality of first coupling loops extending along the measuring axis and interleaved with a plurality of second measuring loops also extending along the measuring axis. The first coupling loops have a first portion aligned with the first transmitter winding and a second portion aligned with the receiver windings. Similarly, the second coupling loops have a first portion aligned with the second transmitter winding and a second portion aligned with the receiver windings."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00052","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"In a second embodiment of the induced current position transducer of this invention, the transmitter has only one loop, which is placed alongside the receiver windings on the read head. The scale member in this case has a plurality of first coupling loops arrayed along the measuring axis and interleaved with a second plurality of coupling loops also arrayed along the measuring axis. Both the first and second coupling loops have a first portion aligned with the transmitter winding and a second portion aligned with the receiver windings."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00053","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"The first and second portions of each first coupling loop are connected in series and are ###ldquo;untwisted###rdquo;. Thus, the magnetic fields induced in the first and second portions of the first coupling loops have the same polarity. In contrast, the first and second portion of each second coupling loop are connected in series and are ###ldquo;twisted###rdquo;. In this case, the magnetic fields induced in the first and second portions of the second coupling loops have opposite polarities. This creates an alternating induced magnetic field along the measuring axis in the area under the receiver winding in response to exciting the transmitter winding."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00054","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"These winding configurations substantially eliminate several extraneous signal components, resulting in simplified signal processing and improved transducer accuracy and robustness in an economical design."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00055","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"This invention provides an improved electronic caliper that uses an induced current position transducer with improved winding configurations. This invention uses a transducer with example embodiments that are described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/834,432, filed on Apr. 16, 1997, entitled ###ldquo;REDUCED OFFSET HIGH ACCURACY INDUCED CURRENT POSITION TRANSDUCER###rdquo; which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety."}},{"LVL":"0","ID":"P-00056","PTEXT":{"PDAT":"These and other features and advantages of this invention are described in or are apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments."}}]}}}}}} On Wednesday, September 17, 2014 6:18:00 PM UTC+5:30, David Pilato wrote: > You can't. If test2 is a string for the first doc, it can not be an object > for the second doc. > > What are you trying to do? > > -- > _David Pilato_ | _Technical Advocate_ | _[Elasticsearch.com](http://Elasticsearch.com)_ > @dadoonet [https://twitter.com/dadoonet](https://twitter.com/dadoonet) | @elasticsearchfr > [https://twitter.com/elasticsearchfr](https://twitter.com/elasticsearchfr) > > Le 17 septembre 2014 à 14:46:24, Maria John Franklin ( > [mariajoh...@mycura.com](mailto:mariajoh...@mycura.com) \) a écrit: > > Hi Friends, > > How to push dynamic data types in same column in elasticsearch. > > # Example json > > # data 1 > > { > "test1":"test", > "test2":"test" > } > > # data 2 > > { > "test1":"test", > "test2":{ "test3":"test"} > } > > ## Thanks, Franklin > > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "elasticsearch" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [elasticsearc...@googlegroups.com](mailto:elasticsearc...@googlegroups.com) \. > To view this discussion on the web visit > [https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/33f1fd5f-9a5f-41af-b378-9e348445aa31%40googlegroups.com](https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/33f1fd5f-9a5f-41af-b378-9e348445aa31%40googlegroups.com) > [https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/33f1fd5f-9a5f-41af-b378-9e348445aa31%40googlegroups.com?utm\_medium=email&utm\_source=footer](https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/33f1fd5f-9a5f-41af-b378-9e348445aa31%40googlegroups.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer) > . > For more options, visit [https://groups.google.com/d/optout](https://groups.google.com/d/optout). -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "elasticsearch" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [elasticsearch+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com](mailto:elasticsearch+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com). To view this discussion on the web visit [https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/3337c796-3dc1-4e37-9144-09c3c247e242%40googlegroups.com](https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/3337c796-3dc1-4e37-9144-09c3c247e242%40googlegroups.com). For more options, visit [https://groups.google.com/d/optout](https://groups.google.com/d/optout). ---
**Author:** ![system](https://us1.discourse-cdn.com/elastic/original/3X/1/a/1ac57faf039f6b580b3f104ef42a2a89e41014de.png) [@system](https://discuss.elastic.co/u/system)\ **Post date:** [July 6, 2017, 1:01am UTC](https://discuss.elastic.co/t/mapper-parsing-exception/19842/6 "2017-07-06T01:01:34Z")