You may want to define that term.
I'm honestly not sure what the middle paragraph means but if you want behavior like this and you are writing a highlighting plugin you can certainly implement it - Elasticsearch's highlighters are mostly just rest wrappers around the ones built into Lucene. Mostly.
If you are asking about what you can do with the rest API Elasticsearch supports a highlight_query option that you can specify on the field level and that query is fed to the highlighter instead of the search field. You can't pass arbitrary text to highlight though - its normal to store that text in the _source. You could build it on the fly if you were willing to be creative and write a plugin.
There isn't an api that just highlights stuff like the analyze api just analyes stuff.