The first thing you should check is the communication from the filebeat machine to the machine running your kafka, a telnet on port 9092 would tell you if you your windows machine can connect to kafka port.
After that you need to check your kafka configuration, the listeners and advertised.listeners, you need to have a listener and an advertised listener on the private IP of your server.
Normally I use this configuration for listeners (on controlled environments where I do not need TLS/SSL).
# listener
advertised.listeners=INTERNAL://localhost:9093,EXTERNAL://private-ip:9092
listeners=INTERNAL://localhost:9093,EXTERNAL://private-ip:9092
listener.security.protocol.map = INTERNAL:PLAINTEXT,EXTERNAL:PLAINTEXT
inter.broker.listener.name = INTERNAL