What are the default data types when Logstash reads from SQL DB?

Logstash doesn't care, it's just data to it. Elasticsearch will try to detect what it is though.

Well, Logstash does have a data type concept, and that data type could affect how ES detects the type. I'd assume that the SQL type is translated to roughly the same data type in Logstash, i.e. float and bools in the database should become floats and bools in Logstash (but whether those values become float and bool fields in ES is another matter).