Filebeat currently does not extract any fields from the log messages. It can process json in case your messages are in JSON format. Otherwise please use grok in Logstash or elasticsearch ingest.
So the answer on my first question is "Not supported"
What about my second questions?
I would like to analyse message with regular expression and introduce a new filed based on result. I assume it is what processors are for. Can you provide an example?
2 is currently also not possible. The main target of processors in filebeat is to filter out lines which should not be shipped. There are some ideas how we could extend this in the future.
At the moment I strongly recommend to do the above in Logstash.
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