I'm not familiar with Traefik and Docker, but I do use Traefik with Kubernetes. One thing you might want to try is making sure you set the scheme that Kibana uses, as I believe by default, even if you are using an https entrypoint, Traefik will still try to send the connection to an http backend.
Here is a Kubernetes example (it's not a 1-to-1 match, but should help)
---
apiVersion: traefik.containo.us/v1alpha1
kind: IngressRoute
metadata:
name: kibana-https-ingress
spec:
entryPoints:
- websecure
routes:
- kind: Rule
match: KIBANA_MATCH_RULE
services:
- kind: Service
name: KIBANA_SERVICE_NAME
port: 5601
passHostHeader: true
scheme: https #<----- Scheme set here to https (as Kibana is setup to uses https instead of http)
serversTransport: kibana-server-transport
tls:
secretName: kibana-cert
options:
name: kibana-tls-options
namespace: KIBANA_NAMESPACE
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