Find missing documents in an index

Is there a way for Elasticsearch to tell me documents that are NOT in an
index given a set of criteria?

I have a field in my documents that contains a unique numerical id. There
are some ids that are missing from documents in the index and I want to
find those ids. For example:

{ "product_id": 1000 }, {"product_id": 1002}, {"product_id": 1004},
{"product_id": 1005}, ...

In this example I want to find that documents with a product_id of 1001 and
1003 are missing from the index. Is this something an aggregation could
help me identify?

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