I was able to resolve this by suppling the root ca that my company uses and configuring the NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS environment variable. For example:
docker run --name kibana \
--net elastic \
-v $(pwd)/npmcerts.pem:/tmp/npmcerts.pem \
-e NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS=/tmp/npmcerts.pem \
-p 5601:5601 \
docker.elastic.co/kibana/kibana:8.0.0